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Some mechanical properties of fresh and freeze-dried mushrooms have been described. Modulus of elasticity was determined from the squeezing tests. The set quantities have been related to the heating plate temperature and density of samples. The obtained relationships have been approximated with exponential functions.
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Strengthening of veneers for 3D-forming

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Strengthening of veneers for 3D-forming. 3D - forming of veneers is used only in limited extent. The reasons are wood properties, mainly anisotropy of wood. In this paper, we propose some chosen methods for strengthening of veneers in directions parallel and perpendicular to the grains, with strengthening means such as hotmelt adhesive and glass fibre with adhesive coating. Properties of modified veneers were compared with the properties of reference - untreated veneers. We compared these properties: strength and deformations - extension in tension, strength and deflection in bending, and 3D - formability. From the results, we can conclude that referred treatments resulted in a slight improvement of 3D - formability.
Laboratory testing was conducted to deliver a set of characteristics of structure and mechanical properties of pure starch and starch with an addition of a lubricant – magnesium stearate. Considerable influence of moisture content of potato starch was found in the case of density, parameters of internal friction, coefficients of wall friction and flowability. Elasticity was found to be strongly influenced by water content of the material. Addition of magnesium stearate affected density and parameters of flowability, internal friction and elasticity. Bulk density increased from 604 to 774 kg m-3 with decrease in moisture content of potato starch from 17 to for 6%. Addition of magnesium stearate resulted in approximately 10% decrease in bulk density. Angle of internal friction obtained for 10 kPa of consolidation stress decreased from 33 to 24º with increase in moisture content, and to approxi- mately 22º with addition of the lubricant. With an increase of moisture content from 6 to 18% and with addition of the lubricant, the modulus of elasticity during loading decreased from approximately 1.0 to 0.1 MPa. Modulus of elasticity during un- loading was found in the range from 19 to 42 MPa and increased with increase of moisture content and amount of lubricant.
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Elasticity characteristics of fruit

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Соответствующие исследования охватывали послойно склеиваемую буковую древесину предназначенную на выбранные конструкционные мебельные элементы. Целью исследований было определение упругостных свойств этих элементов совместно с определением зависимости между модулями упругости послойно склеиваемых элементов с различным числом слоев, их толщины и направления сгиба. Для достижения указанной цели проводились теоретические исследования с последующей проверкой на основании результатов экспериментальных изысканий. Проведенные анализы показали, что модуль упругости элементов из буковой древесины склеиваемой послойно не зависит от числа слоев ни от вида используемого клея. Примерно так же представляются прочность и деформации.
Viscosity of foods and their mechanical properties are essential for modeling the mechanical behaviour of foods during deformation and flow. The rheological models are used for engineering calculations, e.g., during design of food processing machines, pumping systems, packaging machines, etc. Although the classical linear rheology is a rate-independent theory, the mechanical properties of the viscoelastic plant materials depend on a deformation rate. The influence of a deformation rate on mechanical properties of biological viscoelastic materials needs to be documented and it is the aim of this paper. It is proved, based on the Maxwell model, that the modulus of elasticity and the viscosity ratio are decreasing functions of the rate of deformation. Next, the modulus of elasticity and the viscosity ratio of the carrot cylindrical samples are determined using discrete-time measurements of the reaction force obtained in the compression and relaxation tests at a wide range of preliminary deformation rates, i.e. from 1.67×10–4 m·s-1 to 1.5 m·s-1. The relaxation data were processed using a four-element Maxwell model and the changes in viscoelastic constants were determined as a function of the deformation rate. The stress relaxation both in the state of uniaxial stress as well as in the state of uniaxial strain is considered. The experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical analysis for the biological material considered. The results motivate hypothesis that the number of microcrackings increases along with the deformation rate and indicate the irreversible character of the changes that proceed in plant materials under loading.
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