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Partial sequence of mitochondrial ND1 gene was obtained from Echinococcus granulosus isolate from a wild boar (Sumy region, Ukraine). It has been found to be identical to the sequence of G7 (pig) strain of E. granulosus, which was earlier found in pigs from the same region. It is supposed that in some areas wild boars may support the existence and propagation of the pig strain of E. granulosus.
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Cystic echinococcosis in a child infected with HIV

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Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Echinococcus infection is possible at any age, including childhood. Most of the cases are recognized accidentally. HIV infection in children is rarely diagnosed in Poland. A currently 16-year-old girl was diagnosed with HIV vertical infection at the age of 13. Antiretroviral therapy was started after 6 months of observation. Routine ultrasound examination of her abdomen revealed a cystic lesion in the liver. The IgG ELISA test for E. granulosus infection was negative. However, she was treated with albendazole due to clinical suspicion of echinococcosis. After anti-parasitic treatment, an abdominal ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) scans were performed and revealed progression of the lesion (one year of observation). As an additional imaging study, biliary tract scintigraphy was done. Localization of the cyst allowed its surgical removal. The surgery was performed under pharmacological protection with albendazole. Histopathology examination confirmed the diagnosis of echinococcosis.Currently, the clinical condition of the patient is good, antiretroviral treatment is effective and repeated abdominal ultrasound is unremarkable. E. granulosus infection in children is rare and may be accompanied by other diseases and infections. Diagnosis is difficult and it is often based on the clinical picture without serological confirmation. Surgical treatment should be supplemented with pharmacological treatment.
Human cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is one of the most important and widespread parasitic zoonoses. As one of the problems that can be encountered after treating CE patients is the risk of postsurgical relapses or treatment failure, a long-term clinical and serological follow-up is required to evaluate the success and failure of therapy. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify the best diagnostic and prognostic ELISA markers in patients with CE. The cohort comprised 50 patients with symptomatic CE treated with antihelminthic drugs and surgery, who were followed up clinically and radiologically for a mean of 6 years (range 4–8 years). The results clearly indicate that the hydatid specific antibodies of IgE, IgG1 and IgG4 are the most important antibodies for the serological diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis during the active stage of the disease. None of the serum samples from healthy controls gave a non-specific reaction with IgE, IgG1 or IgG4, and a considerably reduced cross-reaction was observed with these antibodies. During post-operative follow-up, the IgM, IgE, IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4 antibody response provided the best correlate of disease activity. The detection of total IgG and IgG3 subclass antibody response for the assessment of post-treatment disease activity among CE patients was insensitive. All patients responded to treatment except 2 women (32 and 36 years old), in whom multiple cysts (12 and 7 cysts) were detected in the liver and lung two years after the first operation. Hence, it can be concluded that the CE-specific antibodies of IgE, IgG1 and IgG4 are the best immunological markers for diagnosis and prognosis of CE patients.
Ferritin is well known as the main intracellular iron storage protein in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, keeping it in a soluble and non-toxic form, though the role of ferritin as a vaccine candidate in echinococcosis has not yet been delineated. Through our study, ferritin was cloned from Echinococcus granulosus and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant E. granulosus ferritin (rEgferritin) has a molecular weight of 19 kDa and could be recognized by anti-mice serum in Western blotting. The specific antibody was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mice vaccinated with rEgferritin and challenged intraperitoneally with E. granulosus protoscoleces revealed significant protective efficacy up to 85.6%, compared with the control group. Thus, rEgferritin could be a promising candidate as an effective vaccine to prevent the infection of echinococcosis.
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Some terminology, based on tradition and still widely used in practice, is still scientifically incorrect.
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Echinococcosis and hydatidosis in Bulgaria

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As far as echinococcosis and hydatidosis are concerned the situation in Bulgaria during the last 45 years has been different from the situation in other countries having permanent problems with these helminthoses. Till 1951 echinococcosis in dogs in Bulgaria was not controlled. After this period planned prophylactic treatment of sheep-dogs and hunting dogs started and control over the slaughter houses began. As a result of the long-term programme for complex struggle against these diseases significant success was achieved in Bulgaria during the 70s. and 80s. After 1985 the system of long-term struggle with echinococcosis stopped functioning. Rapid and uncontrollable development of dog-breeding activity began. Veterinary specialists lost control over the sheep-dogs, hunting dogs and stray dogs. This tendency is stili developing. As a result, the percentage of infected dogs in the country increased and reached 14.8%, in some regions even 42%. The purpose of this article is to review the epizootiology and epidemiology of echinococcosis and hydatidosis in Bulgaria. The reasons of the difficult situation and the means of struggle against these helminthoses are also being discussed.
During the period of 2000-2004, 3,096 red foxes from the whole territory of the Slovak Republic were sampled and examined parasitologically for infections with Echinococcus multilocularis, causative agent of serious alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Relations between prevalence of the parasite in individual regions of Slovakia and some environmental factors were weighted. During the study period, great differences of prevalence and infection intensity were found on a regional level and significant between-year fluctuation of both parameters was observed. High-endemic foci with an estimated prevalence of more than 30% were detected in the northern and central part of the country. Climatic conditions, including low mean annual air temperature, high mean annual rainfall and the high humidity of the soil, showed to be important for E. multilocularis distribution. Significant correlation was calculated between prevalence of the tapeworm, mean annual precipitation values, and population density of small mammals.
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