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The article presents the results of a research on the processing of undersize fraction, extracted from a stream of mixed municipal solid waste (MSW), into alternative fuel, in the process of bio-drying. The analysis was conducted with the use of an innovative EWA (Ecological Waste Apparatus) bioreactor adapted to carrying out aerobic treatment of waste in such processes as: composting, aerobic digestion/stabilization and bio-drying of waste. EWA bioreactors have been designed and manufactured by AGRO-EKO spol. s r.o. from the Czech Republic. The subject matter of the analysis was undersize fraction, with particle dimensions ranging from 0 to 50 mm, manufactured in the process of sorting (mechanical processing) of MSW. The main aim of the research was to assess suitability of the use of EWA bioreactor in the process of alternative fuel production from undersize fraction developed from municipal waste (in the process of accelerated bio-drying). Samples were collected between 2011 and 2012. The undersize fraction and the produced alternative fuel were analysed by AGRO-EKO spol. s r.o. and at the University of Agriculture in Krakow, in accordance with the standards for wastes and solid fuels. It has been concluded that undersize fraction produced from mixed municipal waste might be the energy source for cement plants or commercial power plants. As a result of a 66-hour accelerated process of bio-drying of undersize fraction (the standard time being ca. 7 days), the waste-mass has been lowered by reducing water content (moisture) in undersize fraction by ca. 15 % while increasing its calorific value and the C:N ratio. The process resulted in the increase of non-combustible and non-biodegradable elements. The high C:N ratio and the amount of organic substances at the level of 78 % should enable further aerobic and anaerobic stabilization preceded by substance moisturizing.
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The main aim of the research was to determine a susceptibility of a dried sludge to a rehydration increase. The paper presents the results of investigations for a sludge which had been dried to ca. 86% of dry mass and stored in an airy place under roof during 2.5 years. As well, trials were carried out for a completely dried sludge (0% of water), stored outside under roof as well as inside in a laboratory room. To determine a maximum level of humidity increase, the results of re-hydration increase were presented for a sludge stored in conditions of capillary ascent. Additionally, a density, porosity and bulk density were determined for the investigated sludge.
The aim of this research was to analyze mechanical and acoustic properties of apples which were dried using different methods. Apple slices were dried using the following methods: convective, fluidal, microwave-convective and the sublimation. The obtained dried apple material was compressed in a Zwick machine with a velocity of 20 mm/min and with a simultaneous recording of the acoustic emission (AE) generated during sample destruction. Bruel&Kjsr accelerometer type 4381 was used for sound recording. Dried fruit porosity was also determined. Analyses conducted proved that drying methods significantly influence mechan­ical and acoustic properties of dried apples. Mechanical parameters: apparent Young's modulus, work and compression force were the highest for the fluidal dried apples, and the lowest for apples dried by the sublimation method. The latter group of dried apples was also most porous in structure. The obtained dried apple material differed in the number of events, the acoustic energy and in the range of emitted frequencies. There were negative correlations be­tween mechanical and acoustic parameters of dried apples. The porosity of material correlated with the compression force, as well as the acoustic energy and the number of events.
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