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The microbiological quality of five brands of carbonated and non-carbonated mineral water sold in Poland was studied. The study was carried out on the survival of heterotrophic bacteria at 22 and 37°C (pour plate technique) in the samples of mineral waters stored at 4 and 22°C. The one hundred ten bottles (twenty two bottles of each of the five brands) of carbonated and uncarbonated mineral waters with different levels of dissolved solids and organic content were chosen to microorganisms study. Ten bottles of mineral water were studied initially. Fifty bottles were stored at 4°C, the other fifty were kept at 22°C. The haemolysing bacteria in 1 cm³; E. coli, P. aeruginosa and A. hydrophila in 250 cm³ of mineral water were unidentifiable. Total viable count of heterotrophic bacteria at 22 and 37°C in 1 cm³ of mineral water was the highest respectively for brand T and for brands T and M; the lowest for brand Z. Initially, approximately 29% of 110 water samples (respectively 4% of carbonated and 55% of uncarbonated) had bacterial counts greater than Ministry of Health's standards, notwithstanding the number of water samples which doesn't perform requirements grew up to 47% (respectively 36% of carbonated and 58% of uncarbonated) when the time of TVC 37 and 22°C incubation was elongated from 1 and 3 days to 3 and 14 days respectively. The temperature of storage was inessential for the numbers of studied microorganisms. The most important factors were the brand, time of storage and the carbonating or non-carbonating of water. The highest numbers of the bacteria analysed were detected in non-carbonating water, irrespective of the water brand and temperature of storage.
Seed vigour, viability, the contents of soluble carbohydrates, total protein, albumins, and globulins, as well as seed coat structure, were analysed in yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) cv. Iryd seeds stored for 20 years at -14oC, 0oC or at room temperature (approx. +20oC). Seed storage at room temperature reduced viability (to 2%) and increased seed leachate electroconductivity. Determinations of total proteins showed that protein content was significantly reduced in seeds stored at +20oC compared to the other storage regimens. Raffinose family oligosaccharides were the main soluble carbohydrates in seeds stored at 0oC and -14oC, whereas sucrose dominated in seeds stored at room temperature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of seed surface and seed coat sections revealed appearance of an amorphic layer on the surface of seeds stored at room temperature (not observed in other seeds) and distinct shrinking of macrosclereid layer in seeds stored at -14oC. Macrosclereids layer in all seeds was 100 um thick and accounted for 60% of seed coat thickness. The obtained results suggest that for long term storage of lupin seeds at 0oC is the most advisable temperature if both costs of storage and seed storability are considered.
Effects of different temperatures on bud break and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content were determined by using potted two-year-old ‘Akatsuki’ peach trees. One group of trees were subjected to 1°C for four weeks and then transferred to a growth chamber at 24 °C, while the other was kept at 24 °C throughout the experiment. After four-week temperature treatments floral and vegetative bud break were evaluated weekly and bud break percentage was calculated. Bud break was greater under 1 °C than 24 °C in both November and December. The time required to release buds from dormancy was shorter in December than November. In November ACC content in peach buds increased after one and two weeks, then decreased in the forth week under both treatments. However, in December ACC content after two and four weeks showed a similar trend under 1 °C and a reverse trend under 24 °C. It was higher under low temperature treatment. These data indicate that chilling requirements for bud break of peach seems to be associated with the promotion of ethylene biosynthesis caused by low temperature stress.
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