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Unusual occurrence of planktonic diatom species, Chaetoceros bacteriastroides and Chaetoceros pseudosymmetricus, was noticed in three different marine ecosystems of Adriatic Sea: the Krka Estuary and Telaščica Bay in the Central Adriatic, and in southern Adriatic offshore. From 2010 to 2015, these two Chaetoceros species were recorded in heterogeneous environmental conditions and in a very low abundances. Both species are regarded as very rare in world oceans, and consequently knowledge of their distribution and ecology is rather poor. Primarily described from tropical waters and showing Indo-Pacific distribution, C. bacteriastroides and C. pseudosymmetricus findings in Adriatic represent the northernmost records in world's oceans and seas. For C. pseudosymmetricus this is also the first occurrence in European seas. Areal expansion and introduction of new phytoplankton species in the Adriatic Sea might be related to different circulation regimes in the Ionian Sea and the concurrent rise in sea temperature in the Mediterranean in the last decade. Recent investigations have shown that entering currents, of either Atlantic/Western Mediterranean or Eastern Mediterranean origin, modify the composition of the plankton community in the Adriatic by bringing different newcomers.
Eutrophication, disappearance of aquatic vegetation and fish introduction are important disturbances of aquatic ecosystems, especially in plateau lakes, which are generally considered to be very vulnerable. This study investigated the effects of eutrophication, aquatic vegetation and fish introduction on the diatom community of Lake Xingyun by examining the changes of microfossil diatom assemblage. Results showed that diatom assemblages changed with increasing trophic level, decreasing aquatic vegetation and fish introduction. A mesotrophic, alkaliphilous species, Aulacoseira ambigua, was dominant in Lake Xingyun before 1950, which indicated the lake was mesotrophic in the period. Epiphytic diatom species (Achnanthes minutissima, Denticula sp., Gomphonema pumilum) presented high relative concentration between 1950–1980, which indicated aquatic vegetation had a higher cover in this period. The number of diatom species varied from 20 to 66, and to 52 with the change of aquatic vegetation from the past to present. Epiphytic diatoms except Achnanthes minutissima disappeared with the decrease of aquatic vegetation after 1980. Since 1980, with the sharply rising of TP and TN concentration, mesotrophic species (Aulacoseira ambigua) disappeared and eutrophic species (Cyclostephanos dubius, Fragilaria crotonensis, Aulacoseira granulata, Nitzschia palea) were dominant. It indicates the lake has evolved towards eutrophication after 1980. Our study indicated that change of trophic status and aquatic vegetation are important driving factors affecting diatom community composition in Lake Xingyun, but that fish introductions have also been an additional factor.
Seasonal and spatial changes of phytoplankton in relation to environmental variables affecting the water quality were investigated along the main channel of Lake Nasser throughout 2013. In total, 104 phytoplankton species, belonging to 7 classes, were identified. Phytoplankton assemblages were dominated by Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Chlorophyceae, whereas Dinophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Chrysophyceae and Cryptophyceae were infrequent. Cyclotella glomerata, C. ocellata and Aulacoseira granulata represented the most abundant species among Bacillariophyceae. Cyanophyceae was dominated by Planktolyngbya limnetica and Eucapsis minuta, and Chlorophyceae by Ankistrodesmus fusiformis and Staurastrum paradoxum. The water column was thermally stratified during summer, while being mixed throughout winter. Phytoplankton features and physicochemical variables were analyzed with the principal component analysis. Electrical conductivity and water temperature were the most common factors negatively controlling phytoplankton density. Phytoplankton density was positively associated with NO3, whereas it was negatively correlated with PO4 and HCO3. Cyanophyceae were strongly adapted to the environmental variables and NO2 was limiting their growth. Chlorophyceae were more dependent on PO4 than NO3. The vertical distribution of Chl a was associated with the summer thermal stratification and its concentration increased southwards. Chl a was affected by NO2 and linked to Chlorophyceae. The regional variations of phytoplankton reflected its response to varying environmental conditions. The annual average of the trophic state index indicated eutrophic waters of Lake Nasser.
An autochthonous community of benthic diatoms was discovered in June 2015 in the upper sediment layer at depths of 170, 205, and 245 m in the central Barents Sea. At least three benthic microalgae species (Gyrosigma fasciola, Pleurosigma angulatum, and Pleurosigma sp. 1) were detected in the sediment but not the upper water column. Analyses revealed that these benthic microalgae represent a depleted fragment of Arctic littoral microphytobenthos. Compared with the littoral flora, the deep-water assemblage is less diverse and displays low abundance. The data reported here challenge the generally accepted belief that the presence of certain microalgae at significant depths results from vertical or horizontal transfer.
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