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HMB (2-hydroxy-4-(methythio)butanoic acid), which is the precursor of methionine in the organism, is widely used in the production of industrial feeds as an addition supplementing the deficiency of methionine proper. HMB does not have any amino group, which is the reason why it cannot be marked within the analysis of the aminoacidic composition using the reaction with ninhydrine reagent. In the method of marking HMB using HPLC technique the conditions of chromatographic division were modified. The applied system of chromatographic columns and movable and eluating phases enabled effective separation of HMB from the elements of differentiated matrixes of industrial feed mixtures. The analytical proceedings are characterized by good validation parameters, i.e. high selectivity, high repeatability and a high degree of recovery of contents occurring in the production practice of industrial feeds ranging from 0.05 to 0.4%.
В статье приведены теоретические и методические основы определения величин микродеформации и напряжений в деформируемых телах при исследовании состояния поверхности деталей сельскохозяйственной техники голографическими методами.
The precision of insect number determination in forest litter using a method, in which the sample element comprised 10 plots of 0.5 m2 each, was compared with that of the method, in which the sample element consisted of one plot of 5 m2. Investigations were conducted in four pine stands aged 59-80 years. The number of cocoons of Diprioninae found in the litter was counted. It was found that the precision of the compared methods was very low at a slight density of cocoons and it increased with an increase in their density. It would not be justified to say that the two compared methods of measurement for sawfly cocoon density differ in terms of their precision.
Our paper analyzes the quality of combined wastewater in the aspect of its biological treatment. Fractions of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) in the inflow to the Group Wastewater Treatment Plant in Łódź were determined. The research revealed a distinct increase of inert fractions during wet weather caused by an increasing portion of contaminants bound with suspended solids.
Development and validation of rapid HPLC method for quantifying macrolide antibiotics azithromycin (AZI) and spiramycin (SPI) in bulk and tablet samples is described. Determination was performed on a reversed phase C18 ODB column (250×4.6 nm I.D) at ambient temperature, and employing a UV-detection set at 210 nm. The mobile phase consists of acetonitrile –2-methyl-2- propanol–hydrogenphosphate buffer, pH 6.2, with 1.8% triethylamine (32:8: up to 100, v/v/v), delivered at a flow-rate of 1.1 mL min-1. The assay is linear in concentration ranges of: 0.004–4.8 and 0.0003–1.2 mg mL−1 for azithromycin and spiramycin, respectively, with detection limit of 0.02% for SPI and 0.03% for AZI. Recovery experiments revealed recovery of 98.51–100.82%. The applicability of this method in stability assessment studies is evaluated.
Charophytes possess the capacity to store large amounts of various elements, but until today no studies about known methods of determining CaCO₃ and elements in charophytes have been conducted. Because of the large and varying amounts of CaCO₃, it is difficult to estimate the actual element content in dry mass. Simple comparisons of elements in charophyte plant tissue or between charophytes and higher plants are impossible. The main aim of this study was to investigate through laboratory experiments content of carbonates and elements in charophyte tissue using different methods of decomposition (mineralization). The proposed protocol: determination of calcium carbonate content in plants, determination of elements present in the plant dry mass, and calculation of the element content in the plant dry mass as described.
Alcoholic emulsion creams are characterized with high viscosity and density, which makes the alcohol content and other physical and chemical parameters determination of products significantly difficult. Analytical methods applied for the determination of ethanol, are labor-consuming, they are characterized with low precision, require the sample distillation and the achieved results are mostly underestimated. On a base of comparison of various distillation techniques and determination methods, it can be stated that ethanol concentration measurements in alcoholic creams using pycnometric and DMA-58 density-meter after previous sample distillation (100 cm3 of cream + 200 cm3 of water), are distinguished with relatively high precision and result repeatability. Also applying the SPME extraction in gaseous phase along with chromatographic analysis seems to be advantageous. The method based on the refractometric measurement of toluene and benzene extracts of egg emulsions is characterized with short performance time, sufficient precision and very low costs.
In the article the question of the formation of customary law norms was pre­sented, which was determined over the centuries, from ancient times up to the Middle Ages in Europe. These norms were establishing rules for the determination of land boundaries, the mode of ownership transfer function, and identified persons who are entitled to certain rights to separated area of ground. They also led to the creation of the first mortgage regis­ters, which are prototype of today's real estate cadastres and real-state registers. From the very beginning of establishing the institution of law, the official records of the property created, were ensured certainty in legal trading and public needs, associated in particular with the land tax collecting. The creation of real-state registers institutions re­sulted in a situation where certain part of ground, properly marked and disclosed in the mortgage registers, took on the characteristics typical for material things, by what it has become a commodity that could be the subject of sale or provision of cash receivables, which consequently led to the development of mortgage institution in antique law, which was taken over, with some modifications, to the Roman law and then to the codification of other medieval European states.
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