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Ichthyosaurs rapidly diversified and colonised a wide range of ecological niches during the Early and Middle Triassic period, but experienced a major decline in diversity near the end of the Triassic. Timing and causes of this demise and the subsequent rapid radiation of the diverse, but less disparate, parvipelvian ichthyosaurs are still unknown, notably because of inadequate sampling in strata of latest Triassic age. Here, we describe an exceptionally large radius from Lower Jurassic deposits at Penarth near Cardiff, south Wales (UK) the morphology of which places it within the giant Triassic shastasaurids. A tentative total body size estimate, based on a regression analysis of various complete ichthyosaur skeletons, yields a value of 12-15 m. The specimen is substantially younger than any previously reported last known occurrences of shastasaurids and implies a Lazarus range in the lowermost Jurassic for this ichthyosaur morphotype.
Our paper is a review of published results of tsunami deposit chemical studies. These sediments were deposited by the 26 Dec. 2004 tsunami in southern Thailand. All research was carried out by teams of geologists, chemists, and biologists from Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań.
This paper tries to solve theoretically the problem of interest rate determination by a co-operative bank in the absence of preferential treatment of its members (owners) against non-members in terms of charged interest rates. The optimisation model considers bank’s borrower-, depositor- and neutral-oriented policy as well as purely commercial (profi t-oriented) approach. Obtained results indicate that the optimal rates on loans and deposits at a co-operative bank depend mainly on its preference. They are also infl uenced by market interest rates and bank’s balance sheet and income statement elements. The paper contributes to an increased understanding of behaviour of co-operative bank as social economy organisation and adds to the models of optimal interest rates setting in co-operative fi nancial institutions.
Gut contents of Pygospio elegans Claparede (Spionidae) individuals collected in the Polish coastal zone of the Baltic were analysed. Guts of almost all the P. elegans (89-100%) were found to contain sand grains and detritus. Microalgae (Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Flagellata) occurred in the guts of 8-100% P. elegans individuals. Noteworthy was the finding, in the P. elegans gut contents, of oligochaeta remains, indicative of some predatory behaviour of the polychaete. The oligochaete contribution to the P. elegans food increased with polychaete size (from 33 to 100%). Therefore, P. elegans in the Baltic population should be regarded as omnivores rather than suspension feeders- deposit feeders they have been classified with so far.
Fissure deposits are notoriously difficult to date. But, determination of the age of assemblages they contain is crucial for the evolutionary conclusions based on them. The early Mesozoic karst infillings within the Lower Carboniferous limestone of the locality Czatkowice 1 (Southern Poland) containing a diverse terrestrial microvertebrate assemblage (see Borsuk−Białynicka et al. 1999 for review) were originally thought to be most likely Late Permian to Early Triassic in age. Subsequent study of the assemblage containing procolophonids, prolacertiforms, basal lepidosauromorphs, a basal archosaur and small amphibians (including a pre−frog) showed that it is Early Triassic, most probably Late Olenekian, in age because of the advanced dentition pattern of the procolophonids. The discovery of tooth plates of the lungfish Gnathorhiza, known to range from the Induan into early Late Olenekian (Vetlugian Superhorizon to Fedorovskian Horizon of the regional scheme) in Eastern Europe, has further enhanced the dating. The combination of procolophonid and dipnoan evidence now appears to restrict the age of the Czatkowice 1 assemblage to the Early Olenekian.
Acritarchs and prasinophyceans belonging to eleven genera have been found in the Upper Ordovician (Ashgill) deposits from Zalesie Nowe (Holy Cross Mountains, southern Poland). They are the first representatives of organic-walled plankton described thus far from the uppermost Ordovician/lowermost Silurian strata in the southern part of the Holy Cross Mountains.
Description is given of the Upper Cambrian trilobite ichnocoenosls, i.e. a trace assemblage of the various life activities of trilobites, from the shallow-water marine deposits at Wielka Wiśniówka in the Holy Cross Mountains (Góry Świętokrzyskie). These traces occur either on the upper sides of layers (true traces) or on the lower sides of layers covering grooves made by trilobites on the sea bottom (sole markings = hieroglyphs). Hieroglyphs are the more common forms. Out of them, Rusophycus sp., Cruziana sp., Diplichnites sp. and Dimorphichnus sp. have been described in greater detail. Bergaueria perata Prantl and Diplocraterion sp. hieroglyphs are also encountered in the trilobite ichnocoenosis here reported.
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Eleven trigoniid species of the genera Trigonia Bruguiere, Myophorella Bayle and Rutitrigonia van Hoepen, including one new species, R. skorkovensis. sp.n., are described from the Jurassic of Poland. The representatives of the genus Rutitrigonia are reported for the first time from the Lower Kimmeridgian of Poland which markedly increases the stratigraphic and geographic range of that genus hitherto considered as limited to the Upper Kimmeridgian - Upper Cretaceous of the Phillippines, Japan and the southern hemisphere.
Alate males of Eomatsucoccus suhachevae and E. popovi gen. et sp. n. from Siberian Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian) deposits are described on the basis of four impressions. From the relatively well preserved specimens it appears that the Matsucoccidae reached their contemporary organization level already 130 mil. years ago. Eomatsucoccus is the oldest fossil that can ben included to scale insects without any doubt, which indicates that coccids must have radiated into the main groups at least in the Jurassic.
Traces of burrowing organisms from Lower Muschelkalk carbonate sediments of the Holy Cross Mountains (Góry Świętokrzyskie) interpreted as burrow systems of enteropneusts, have been described. Morphological and palaeoecological analysis of Triassic forms based on the comparison with the burrows of Recent enteropneusts is given. The presence of many horizons with burrows of enteropneusts in the profiles of the Lower Muschelkalk deposits (Łukowa beds) and the lithological characters of these deposits seem to indicate that the sedimentation took place in a zone of the basin affected by the activity of tidal currents.
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