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The paper proposes two methods of expressing the turnover of foreign trade in dairy products using a milk equivalent. The first of them is based on applying conversion ratios indicating how many liters of milk are needed to manufacture a unit of a given product. The ratio allowing calculation of butter quantity that could be obtained from fat retained during processing milk into individual products is used in this method as supplementary. The second of the presented methods for calculation of milk equivalent is based on the chemical composition (content of protein and fat) of dairy products and milk purchased.
During this study quality and declared health features of probiotic yogurt milk were assessed. Using the methods of statistical analysis a tool was developed allowing verification of formulated statistical hypotheses. It was established that no statistically significant differences were present in the assessment of the number of microorganisms dependent on the dilutions applied. It was shown that the number of live bacteria in the product during storage decreases and that those changes are statistically significant. It was determined that the average number of live probiotic bacteria in the product in all samples during storage was significantly higher than declared by the producer m value and it indicated appropriate health quality of the tested product.
The aim of the research was to establish whether the production of dairy cooperatives, measured by sales value, is connected with the product innovations and environmental protection costs. he data related to years 2004 to 2014. It was found that these factors are usually significant. It was further established that those cost are disproportionately high in relation to the dynamics of production and prices of dairy products. It turned out that environmental protection requirements are so restrictive and cost-effective that they can cause skipping dairy cooperative to the increasing financial, technological and law difficulties. Apart from that the increase of product innovations drops significantly suggesting that the supply is near to saturation in terms of assortments on the market.
The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid profile of cheese and tvorog milk fat obtained from the local producers from the region of north-eastern Poland. The material consisted of tvorog and cheese samples made from cow, goat and sheep’s milk. Methyl esters of fatty acids in milk fat was prepared with the use of IDF Standard 1999 and was performed by the gas chromatography method. Differences were found in the percentage share of each fatty acid group depending on the type of milk from which the cheese was produced. It may be concluded that local tvorog and cheese made from goat’s, sheep’s and cow’s milk from north-eastern Poland may be a valuable source of short- and medium-chain fatty acids as well as CLA.
In the paper is modeled demand for dairy products based on the consumer price of milk product and disposable cash incomes available to households of employees, households of self-employed persons and pensioners by regression and correlation analysis and marketing research. In examining the consumption of dairy products was quantified elasticity of demand, own price elasticity, indirect (cross) elasticity of demand, substitution relationships, complementarity and association.
The work contains a short characterisation of customers’ behaviour on the market of selected dairy products. An attempt was made at an identification of the factors shaping the conduct of purchasers. It has been shown that customer satisfaction should become one of the main objectives of the enterprise. Customer satisfaction, including its measurement, constitutes part of an overall evaluation of the firm’s effectiveness and productivity. The study of satisfaction shows whether the enterprise has planned and realised its calculably defined objectives pertaining to the customer. The correlation between the customer satisfaction and the volume of sales is an argument strongly supporting the policy of turning in the direction of using customer satisfaction, and to be more precise, the information obtained by analysing its measurement in planning, supervision and innovation of the firm’s systems. An adequate determination of the value expected by the customer will be decisive in achieving success by the firm. The value should be understood in terms of consequences (customer’s hierarchy of values) and not in terms of the product’s attributes. Getting to know the customer will allow the enterprise to influence their conduct via suitable strategies, in particular product strategies, prices, distribution and promotion.
The study was aimed at developing, in the spreadsheet environment, an application for the assessment of product batch compliance with values provided in product’s specification, by applying parametric tests method. The investigation was carried out on batches of selected products consisting of 300 pieces of packed product. Dixon’s Q test was applied for verification of the data obtained aiming at elimination of data burdened with gross error. Significance t test was applied for verification of statistical hypotheses where the null hypothesis H0 : xśr>m was verified against the alternative hypothesis H1 : xśr≤m. In the tests applied, the inference is based on confidence interval and depends on the sample size. The sample size influences the size of confidence interval and, as a consequence, the precision and reliability of inference. The software developed allows analysis aiming at determining at what minimum sample size further testing aimed at determining compliance of the product with a standard can be abandoned. Determination of a specific limit of deviations from the value declared by the producer in product’s specification is particularly important for enterprises that have not yet included the allowed limit at which the product is still considered compliant with the standard in their enterprise standards. The application developed also allows the assessment of financial losses incurred by the enterprise as a consequence of inappropriate control of product quantity compliance with the declared value. The analysis carried out may serve as an additional component in management allowing simple calculation of the losses incurred as a consequence of incorrect mass or volume of product per unit.
The aim of the work was to analyse differentiation of calcium and dairy products intake by older women in a retrospective analysis, taking into consideration place of residence. The study was carried out in two stages in years 1999 and 2004 among 192 women aged 75-80 living in the city, town and country. In the first stage, nutrition manner was evaluated, using the 24-h recall method. After 5 years data of the analysed women mortality was gathered. Differences in nutrients and dairy products intake were analysed between two groups: alive and dead women, taking into consideration place of residence. Our results give sufficient grounds for regarding older women living in towns of Olsztyn region as a group with an elevated risk of all-cause mortality. The analysis carried out separately for each place of living (city – town – country) showed no correlation between all-cause mortality and the intake of calcium and dairy products in the 5-year retrospective study. The revealed tendencies indicate the need of continuing studies with longer exposition to nutrition factors.
The aim of the study was to prepare a tool for quantitive evaluation of calcium intake and its calibration. The ADOS-Ca test calibration was carried out by the 24-hour recall method repeated seven times. The study included 90 people (aged 22.6±0.1) who gave complete information, i.e. 630 nutrition interviews and 90 ADOS-Ca tests. Calcium intake from dairy products estimated by the test was stated in mg/person/day and was estimated on the basis of the consumed products amount, intake frequency indices and calcium content in 100 g of a product. Calibration included comparing the mean calcium intake (dependant-sample t-test, correlation coefficient) and compatibility of population distribution (chi2 test) in calcium intake classes (<66.7% of the Polish RDI at the safe level = calcium deficiency risk; 66.6-90% of RDI = no calcium deficiency risk; >90% of RDI = no calcium deficiency risk). Moreover sensitivity, specificity and accuracy indices were calculated for the prepared test. No differences between mean calcium intake from dairy products estimated by the ADOS-Ca test and the 24-hour recall method repeated seven times (men: 619 mg vs. 661 mg; p=0.263; women: 434 mg vs. 442 mg; p=0.645) were revealed, but calcium intake correlation was noted. No differentiation in the population distribution in three calcium intake classes was noted, and the percentage of people classified accurately into the same class by the ADOS-Ca test and the 24-hour recall method repeated seven times was high (71% of the population). The noted high sensitivity index value (88%), shows high ability of the test to classify people properly to a group under calcium deficiency risk. The prepared ADOS-Ca diagnostic test was proved to be a good tool for quantitive evaluation of calcium intake from dairy products and enabled accurate classification of people with different calcium intake with regards to risk of its deficiencies.
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The development of milk market in Belarus

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Problems of functioning of the market of milk in Belarus are considered. The market of milk has a top of priority in the Republic of Belarus. These goods are socially significant. The state strongly influences the processes occurring in the market of milk, however this influence should decrease in the future. The author considers also problems of formation of prices for milk and dairy products.
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