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Supporting entrepreneurs outside the country is one of the tasks of at least two ministries – the Ministry of Economy and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Some of the tasks are performed by various institutions, which in their properties are designed to promote Polish export. Proposed by them forms of cooperation with enterprises – from financial support through promotion, and ending with the conclusion of international agreements, are to create a range of tools which enable the Company to have a chance to gain new markets for its products, and thereby increase their income and influence positively on the wealth of the whole society. The article assesses the activities of two ministries – the Ministry of Economy and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, their impact on facilitating the internationalization of enterprises. Standardized interviews were conducted. Callers were employees of selected companies of the dairy industry who are directly involved in exports in the company. The interview questionnaire was conducted with representatives of 15 companies from the tested industry. There was no direct effects of the impact on export results of conducting actions under Polish development assistance. The surveyed entrepreneurs have not met with any situation in which a partner from the target indicated in any way that he knows this business and it influenced his willingness to cooperate with the Polish company.
The aim of our study was to determine the impact of constant magnetic field (CMF) on the effectiveness of stabilization of the excess sludge by advanced oxidation process with Fenton’s reagent. In presented study raw excess sludge from a dairy wastewater treatment plant was used. The investigations were conducted in three different technological systems in laboratory-scale stands. In the first stage the influence of chemical reagents (Fe²⁺/H₂O₂, Fe³⁺/H₂O₂) on the parameters of sewage sludge was observed. In the secondstage the importance of CMF on the final technological result in the system with static crossing on magnetic field (scCMF) and in the system with cyclical crossing on magnetic field (ccCMF) was revealed. In the third stage of the experiment the effectiveness of the system with both chemical reagents and physical elements was tested. Application of the constant magnetic field let us obtain COD reduction in supernatant and volatile solids in dry mass of sewage sludge. The importance of the physical factor was shown as low doses of chemical reagents. Similar results were achieved independently of the fact if it was tested as the improving element of advanced oxidation with scCMF or with ccCMF.
Growth of Staphylococcus aureus strain No 743 and its production of entero- toxin A (ent. A), thermonuclease (TNase) and ß-hemolysin were studied in cheese whey containing zero, 5, 10, 15, and 20% salt during incubation at 37°C for 48 h. Results revealed that the concentration of salt less than 10% promotes S. aureus growth and production of ent. A, TNase and ß-hemolysin. In the presence of high concentrations of salt (15-20%), growth was inhibited and ent. A production was incompletely repressed, while TNase and ß-hemolysin activities were completely inhibited. It is concluded that using unsalted or salted cheese whey containing S. aureus in preparing any other kind of food related commodity is dangerous. Furthermore, TNase and ß-hemolysis tests are unreliable as indicators for tracing enterotoxin A in dairy products containing more than 10% salt.
Production quantity, quality, and prices of cow milk in Czech Republic, as well as in Poland, are permanently influenced by economic factors and, after EU participation, also by the milk quota regime. Alongside similarities production characteristics, in Poland and the Czech Republic there exist substantial differences. The aim of this study was to overview changes taking place in the meat and milk sectors of the Czech Republic. Despite the decreasing cattle population (including dairy cows), production in the Czech Republic is rather stable because of rising milk yield. During the last few years there has been a milk surplus on the market, even thought dairy exports dominate over import. A precondition of the realization of milk on the market is its high quality and this has become a basic prerequisite for profit and for the maintenance of the customer in the competitive market. An analysis has therefore been carried out of the economic indicators of the dynamics of milk yield, overall production and the quality indicators of milk, the bulk purchase and buying price of milk, during the years 1998 to 2004, including a survey of the costs, profits and the marketability of milk in the given years. In 2004, the milk purchase price, including compensation payment, ranged around 8 crowns (CZK) per litre. However, the production costs of milk sold increased to 8.42 crowns resulting in a lack of profitability. This was a result of an increasing growth rate in expenditure over milk yield. The level of expenditure and profits of the milk production of agricultural enterprises is going to be comparable with average results attained in EU-15. The static level of milk production is characteristic for all countries operating with a milk quota regime (EU-15, Norway, Switzerland and Canada). Individual reference quantities become a limiting factor for many producers. Based on EU data milk output is forecast to exceed national quota for 2005/6 in Czech and Poland, exposing both countries to hefty fines.
Cost calculations applied in dairies do not separate subsidiary production. Costs of production and operation of electric power, water, steam, refrigeration, compressed air and waste treatment were calculated for one dairy on the basis of own calculation method presented in earlier papers. Analysis of structure of the costs in question, as well as of their dependence on production varying in successive months, was made. Certain irregularities in the shape of unit cost lines were found in some months. Reasons for their appearance may he explained in the course of further investigation concerning energy management in a dairy, taking into account all places of cost arising.
Badano wpływ osadu ściekowego z mleczarni w porównaniu do nawożenia obornikiem, w warunkach wapnowania i bez wapnowania na jakość technologicz­ną buraków cukrowych. Dawkę osadu ściekowego obliczono na podstawie ilości azotu wnoszonej wraz z obornikiem - 35 t·ha⁻¹ (ok. 175 kg N·ha⁻¹). Stwierdzono, że zastosowane materiały organiczne istotnie wpływały na zawartość sacharozy i N·ha-NH,w korzeniach. Wzrost plonu cukru pod wpływem nawożenia oborni­kiem i osadem był głównie determinowany przez plon korzeni. Zastosowanie wapna defekacyjnego nie miało istotnego wpływu na jakość przetwórczą buraków cukrowych.
Na podstawie dwóch doświadczeń polowych badano wpływ odpadów organicznych na zakwaszenie gleb w warunkach stosowania wapna defekacyjnego. Na początku pierwszego doświadczenia wniesiono do gleby lekkiej trociny wraz z wapnem defekacyjnym (Ca def.). W doświadczeniu drugim zastosowano osad ściekowy z mleczarni z dodatkiem i bez dodatku Ca def. W obydwu doświadczeniach wykorzystano dla celów porównawczych obiekty z tradycyjnym nawożeniem organicznym (obornik) i bez nawożenia. W próbkach glebowych pobieranych z każdego obiektu po zakończeniu okresu wegetacyjnego oznaczono pHKCl i kwasowość hydrolityczną. Stwierdzono, że łączne stosowanie odpadów organicznych z przemysłu drzewnego z wapnem defekacyjnym sprzyjało utrzymywaniu aktywności jonów wodorowych na poziomie optymalnym dla gleb lekkich. Wzrost zakwaszenia gleb nawożonych innymi materiałami organicznymi (obornik, osad ściekowy) był przypuszczalnie związany z przemianami azotu. Aplikacja wapna defekacyjnego istotnie ograniczała zakwaszające oddziaływanie odpadów organicznych.
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