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The purpose of the study, carried out in the years 2001–2003 was to determine which fungal species inhabited decaying grapevine cuttings during callusing and soon after planting them into pots. The plant material was collected from 5 commercial plantations and 8 cultivars, which were most frequently cultivated. From each plantation and cultivar 20 cuttings with symptoms of the growth inhibition or decay were randomly sampled during the callusing period i.e. March/April (term I) and 2–3 months after planting the cuttings into pots i.e. June/July (term II). The results showed that from affected grapevine cuttings Phomopsis viticola, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium spp. were isolated most frequently. Moreover, it was found that after planting young cuttings into the pots, numerous isolates of soil borne pathogenes were obtained, among others Cylindrocarpon spp., Phytophthora sp., Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp.
The main objective of this study was to determine the allelopathic impact of dominant species (Calamagrostis epigeios, Rubus idaeus and Chamaenerion angustifolium) of clear-cuttings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests (Vaccinio-myrtillo Pinetum) on test species germination emphasizing the forest ecosystem establishment. Aqueous extracts of roots and shoots were produced at different growth stages and assayed on germination. Additionally, total concentration of phenols was evaluated photo spectrometrically. Extracts of shoots more strongly inhibited germination than those of roots of all investigated species. The strongest inhibitory effect on germination and the highest phenol contents were documented during the flowering stage rather than in spring and autumn. Accordingly, to mean germination data the declining phytotoxicity sequence of the species was determined: R. idaeus > C. epigeios > Ch. angustifolium. Hence this study implied in allelopathic activity of species a potential suppressive factor that could influence germination and forest regeneration, but field condition studies are necessary.
The aim of this study was to determine the composition of nitrogen fractions in alfalfa and red clover, which differ in proteolytic activity, and to evaluate the effect of wilting on changes in nitrogen fractions in alfalfa and red clover herbage. Total nitrogen was divided into protein and non-protein nitrogen, and the amino acid profile of protein was analyzed. Buffer-soluble nitrogen (BSN), including buffer-soluble protein nitrogen (BSPN) and non-protein buffer-soluble nitrogen (NPBSN), was determined. The NPBSN fraction was further subdivided into peptide nitrogen, amino acid nitrogen, neutral detergent-insoluble nitrogen (NDIN) and acid detergent-insoluble nitrogen (ADIN). Wilting in the field to 40% dry matter content (the swath was tedded once) did not reduce the total nitrogen content of alfalfa and red clover herbage, although it affected the concentration of the BSNfraction, in particular NPBSN, and free amino acid nitrogen. During alfalfa wilting, the soluble protein content decreased and the concentrations of non-protein nitrogen compounds increased, mostly due to an increase in free amino acid nitrogen. A reverse trend was observed during red clover wilting – the concentrations of non-protein nitrogen compounds decreased and soluble protein content increased. A decrease was also noted in peptide nitrogen, NDIN and ADIN. Wilting of alfalfa and red clover had no adverse effect on the amino acid profile of protein. The concentrations of essential amino acids that limit milk protein synthesis, i.e. Lys, Met, His and Arg, did not decrease. Legume wilting in the field contributes to an increase in the concentrations of soluble nitrogen in the plant material intended for ensiling.
Cutting stacked wood into length by means of a petrol chainsaw is a typical technical and technological wood harvesting solution. Due to the fact that wood harvesting is most commonly performed with the use of Tree-Length-System (TLS) or Long-Length-System (LLS), cutting into length in Poland is performed either after the first stage of skidding stems or logs to the skidding route or after the second stage of transportation, that is at the depot. Research was carried out in depots, during early and late thinnings of pine, fir, spruce and beech stands by means of manipulation and cutting into lengths using petrol chainsaws (Table 1). The aim of the study was to specify time consumption on the basis of the relativeness of EST = f (category of harvesting, roller’s length, chosen elements of the working day structure). Continuous time-motion analysis was carried out, according to the classification presented in Table 2. After completing harvesting, the produced material was received. Figure 1 presents the percentage of work activities observed in operational time. Performing cutting into length activities at a discussed working site resulted in high time percentage in case of T12 and T22 times. Table 3 presents the average values of time consumption correlated in terms of soft and hard wood species in the categories of early and late thinning stands. Some statistically significant differences in labour consumption levels have been demonstrated in case of specific stands and harvesting technologies. One multiple regression equation has been estimated – for early and late thinning. The regression model has been expressed by a formula (1). The equation parameters have been compiled in Table 4. Research results point to the relation between time consumption, the specific elements of the time structure of a working day, and the length of produced rollers expressing variable volume of produced rollers.
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