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Analysis of a fusion between rat glioma cells and biomimetic liposomes with encapsulated diamond nanoparticles or curcumin. Liposomes are used as carriers for different bioactive agents, both hydrophilic, which are encapsulated in water core of the liposome, and hydrophobic, which are entrapped within liposome walls. The walls are built from phospholipid bilayer, therefore their structure resembles cell membrane. It was hypothesized that if the wall is made of set of lipids typical for a cell, the liposome will be eagerly consumed by the cell. We performed the experiments using C6 rat glioma cells as an example, since central nervous system cells are extremely rich in lipids, including the unique ones. Since all cancer cells have high proliferation potential, they need to absorb precursors to build cell membrane around new cells, therefore such biomimetic liposomes may be one of the most effective way to deliver anticancer agents into the cell. Analysis of physicochemical properties of obtained liposomes, as well as in vitro tests, showed that obtaining such liposomes is possible and that the liposomes are biocompatible, stable carrier both for hydrophilic and hydrophobic agents. Encapsulation of diamond nanoparticles did not affect the liposomes, whereas entrapping of curcumin, which is a spice known in traditional Asian medicine for its anticancer properties, significantly increased its activity. Obtained results showed that biomimetic liposomes can be effective, individually-tailored carriers for bioactive agents.
Dietary polyphenolics, such as curcumin, have shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Some antioxidants cause DNA strand breaks in excess of transition metal ions, such as copper. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of curcumin in the presence of increasing concentrations of copper to induce DNA damage in murine leukocytes by the comet assay. Balb-C mouse lymphocytes were exposed to 50 µM curcumin and various concentrations of copper (10 µM, 100 µM and 200 µM). Cellular DNA damage was detected by means of the alkaline comet assay. Our results show that 50 µM curcumin in the presence of 100-200 µM copper induced DNA damage in murine lymphocytes. Curcumin did not inhibit the oxidative DNA damage caused by 50 µM H₂O₂ in mouse lymphocytes. Moreover, 50 µM curcumin alone was capable of inducing DNA strand breaks under the tested conditions. The increased DNA damage by 50 µM curcumin was observed in the presence of various concentrations of copper, as detected by the alkaline comet assay.
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Effect of curcumin on atherosclerosis in apoE-LDLR - double knockout mice

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It is widely appreciated that inflammation and oxidant stress contribute to atherogenesis. Curcumin, a polyphenolic natural compound has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant actions. We hypothesized that curcumin could inhibit the development of atherosclerosis in the apoE/LDLR - double knockout mice fed with Western diet (21% fat, 0.15% cholesterol w/w, without cholic acid). Curcumin (purity 98%), premixed with diet, was given for 4 months at a dose of 0.3 mg/per day/per mouse. In this model curcumin inhibited atherogenesis, measured both by "en face" method (25,15±2,9% vs. 19,2±0,6%, p<0,05) and "cross-section" method (565867±39764 µm2 vs. 299201±20373 µm2, p<0,05). Importantly, curcumin influenced neither the concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood nor animal body weight. To our knowledge, this is the first report that shows the anti-atherogenic effect of low dose of curcumin in fine model of atherosclerosis: gene-targeted apoE/LDLR - double knockout mice.
Curcumin regulates prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in a variety of cells. PGE2 and PGI2 are generated from arachidonic acid (AA) by cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 (COX-1 and COX-2) and the synthase (PGES and PGI2S) pathways. This study evaluates the in vitro effect of curcumin on the expression of COX-1, COX-2, PGI2S and microsomal PGES-1 (mPGES-1), and the production of PGE2 and PGI2 in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC). HCAEC monolayers were incubated with curcumin and the expression of mRNA, protein and the production of PGI2 and PGE2 were quantified. Incubation of HCAEC with curcumin led to a time and concentration-dependent increases in COX-2 mRNA with a small but significant decrease in COX-1 mRNA expression. Curcumin also stimulated the expression of PGI2S and mPGES-1 mRNA. Although curcumin stimulated COX-2, PGI2S and mPGES-1 gene expression, it failed to increase PGI2 or PGE2 production. Interestingly, supplementation of the culture medium with AA increased prostanoid production by both quiescent and curcumin-treated cells. However, in comparison to the quiescent cells, the prostanoid production by curcumin-treated cells was markedly enhanced as AA concentrations in the medium were increased, and the enhanced prostanoid production was blocked by the presence of COX-2 specific inhibitor. Taken together, these results suggest that curcumin regulates prostanoid homeostasis in HCAEC by modulating multiple steps including the expression of COX-1, COX-2, PGI2S and mPGES-1.
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