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The impact of long term application of pesticides for crops protection on bacteria and fungi resistance has been studied. At first the microbes have been isolated from two soil samples, namely a soil sample contaminated with pesticides, and a control one. Subsequently, under in vitro conditions with the same pesticides present, microbes growth capacities were observed. Growth capabilities of microorganisms isolated from the soils contaminated with Miedzian 50WP, Siarkol 80 extra WP, Triflurotox 250EC have proven to be less impacted (by a few to several %) with these xenobiotics present in the substrates than the capabilities of the microbes from the control soil. The only exception were bacteria from the soil samples treated with Siarkol 80WP whose resistance has been found lower (by app. 10%) than the resistance of microbes from the control soil.
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A short history of insecticides

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This review contains a brief history of the use of insecticides. The peculiarities, main advantages, and disadvantages of some modern insecticides are described. The names of the discoverers of some of the most popular insecticide preparations on the world market, are listed. The tendencies to find new insecticides to control the quantity of phytophagous insects are discussed. Special attention is paid to the perspective of creating preparations based on nucleic acids, in particular DNA insecticides. The use of insect-specific, short single-stranded DNA fragments as DNA insecticides, is paving the way in the field of “intellectual” insecticides that “think” before they act. It is worth noting, though, that in the near future, the quantity of produced insecticides will increase due to the challenges associated with food production for a rapidly growing population. It is concluded, that an agreeable interaction of scientists and manufacturers of insecticides should lead to the selection of the most optimal solutions for insect pest control, which would be safe, affordable, and effective at the same time.
The tomato yellow leaf curl virus infecting tomato plants in Tanzania is reported to be different from the Old World geminiviruses. A study was initiated to investigate the transmission properties of the virus such as, acquisition feeding time, inoculation feeding time, persistence of virus in the vector, mechanical inoculation, seed and graft transmission. Results obtained indicate that the virus is transmitted persistently by Bemisia tabaci Genn., but neither mechanically - nor seed-transmissible. Minimum acquisition and inoculation time was 30 minutes. It is concluded that the properties of the agent causing the yellow leaf curl symptoms in tomato plants from different regions of Tanzania are similar and mimic those of tomato yellow leaf curl Begomovirus species studied elsewhere.
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Crop protection chemicals are chemical compounds of high biological activity and are used on a large scale in agriculture. Their influence on crop planning and storage quality is mostly positive. Crop protection chemicals, on the other hand, may cause environmental pollution. Due to errors in agronomic practice, such chemicals may occur in various ecosystems, causing threat to people, animals and plants. Adverse effects of these products are attributed to their inappropriate use, decomposition time and the ability to accumulate in the environment. Their long-lasting presence has a negative effect on living organisms, including humans. Biocides enter the human body mainly through the digestive tract, causing life-threatening disorders, which, in some extreme cases, may be fatal.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is attacked by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato causing heavy damage to the crops. The present study focused on the application of aqueous fruit extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica L.) on a single node of aseptically raised tomato plants. Observations were done, and the changes in the activity and isoenzyme profile of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and lysozyme, both at the site of treatment as well as away from it, were noted. The results demonstrate that neem extract could significantly induce the activities of both the enzymes as well as upregulate the de novo expression of additional PPO isoenzymes. Induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) by natural plant extracts is a potent eco-friendly crop protection method.
Within a three-year cycle of studies, experiments were conducted with Polyversum WP biofungicide and Asahi SL biostimulant used as crop protection products of strawberry fruits of Kent and Senga Sengana varieties. A comparative combination was made of the following fungicides: thiram, iprodione, pyrimethanil and fenhexamid, that were applied accordingly to the strawberry protection program. All protective treatments had no significant effect on dry matter content of the fruits of both strawberry varieties and on the marketable yield in the case of Kent var. fruits. The use of combination of Asahi SL and Polyversum WP preparations resulted in increased contents of vitamin C and total sugars in fruits of Kent var. In the case of Senga Segana var., this treatment had a beneficial effect only on vitamin C content in one year of the study and on the increase in the marketable yield when coupled with synthetic fungicides. The applied crop protection products caused also sporadic changes in the contents of extract, organic acids, polyphenols, anthocyanins and antioxidative capacity of fruits of both strawberry varieties.
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