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The review presents specific interactions that occur in complexes of Cu(ll) ions with peptides composed only of amino acids with nonco-ordinating side chains. Three classes of such peptides are discussed. The first type (NSFRY analogues) is characterised by the presence of a specific combination of bulky and aromatic residues, leading to a formation of multiple weak interactions around Cu(II) that result in an extremely high stability of complexes. The second class is composed of complexes of vasopressins and oxytocins, achieving superstability through a pre-conformation in the peptide molecule. The third group are oligopeptides containing one or two proline residues. These peptides form exotic macrochelate loops with Cu(ll) in a result of the break-point effect of Pro residues. Particular emphasis in the review was given to stability constants of complexes, compared to oligoglycine or oligoalanine peptides.
The study was aimed at determining the content of copper in milk fat. Analyses were carried out on fat extracted from non-pasteurised sweet cream obtained from bulk milk. Copper was extracted from fat samples with nitric acid and its content was determined with the method of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results obtained indicate that the content of copper in milk fat ranged from 0.010 to 0.089 mg/kg. The average copper content of fat from the summer feeding accounted for 0.037±0.020 mg/kg, and that of fat from the winter feeding was significantly higher (α=0.05) and reached 0.054±0.021 mg/kg.
Usually practicing veterinarians and animal keepers have to deal with inadequate supplementation of copper which causes deficiency diseases. However, instead of curing, the consequential intake of copper is likely to cause copper intoxication. Copper poisoning is observed particularly frequently, in sheep - the most sensitive domestic animal to copper toxicity. In most cases, sheep undergo chronic exposure to copper causing liver necrosis and resulting in massive haemolysis, haemoglobinuria and eventually in renal failure. The observed symptoms have an acute character and a set of them is called haemolytic crisis. The pathogenesis, signs and diagnosis of this syndrome are described in this article.
Comparative tests on the sensitivity of actinomycetes to cadmium and copper ions were carried out on 19 wild strains of the genus Streptomyces. The strains were tested by placing solutions of cadmium chloride on filter paper disks in quantities of 20 and 40 μg Cd2+, and also 20, 40 and 80 μg Cu2+ converted to metal. Both conidial and vegetative forms of actinomycetes were used as inoculum. Differentiation was found in the reactions of the actinomycetes on the tested metals depending on the nutrient used, especially on nitrogen sources. Copper ions have a greater effect on the vegetative forms of these organisms than cadmium ions, while cadmium ions exert an inhibiting effect on the process of conidia germination.
A pot experiment was carried out to determine the effect of soil (loamy sand and sandy loam) contamination with copper doses of 0, 150, 450 mg Cu·kg-1 d.m. soil on the activity of β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21), acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2), alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) and arylsulfatase (EC 3.1.6.1) in soil. The resistance of these enzymes to copper pollution was also estimated. Soil samples were contaminated with copper chloride. The experiment was carried out in five replications, in two series. The first series was performed on uncropped soil and the second one — on cropped soil. The experimental plants were oat, spring rape and yellow lupine. The activity of soil enzymes was determined in the analyzed samples on the 25th and the 50th day of the experiment. The results of the experiment showed that copper contamination in doses of 150 mg to 450 mg·kg-1 soil significantly inhibits soil’s biochemical activity. The sensitivity of the tested enzymes to copper was determined in the following order: alkaline phosphatase > arylsulfatase > acid phosphatase > β-glucosidase. The resistance of the above enzymes to copper depended on the cultivated plant spe- cies, soil type and the type of soil use and management. In samples of sandy loam, copper induced the smallest change in the activity of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, and in loamy sand — in the activity of arylsulfatase and acid phosphatase. In uncropped soil, copper was the least effective in changing the activity of arylsulfatase and acid phosphatase. All of the tested enzymes were less resistant to copper contamination in cropped than in uncropped soil. In soil planted with oat, β-glucosidase was the most resistant and arylsulfatase was the least resistant enzyme to copper contamination. In samples sown with spring rape, the analogous enzymes were arylsulfatase and alkaline phosphatase. In yellow lupine treatments, alkaline phosphatase was the most and β-glucosidase was the least resistant enzyme.
This paper presents the results of studies of the content of copper in the 0-20 cm layer of farmland soils in Poland and the correlation between the content of this element in the soil and the content of the granulometric fractions < 0.02 and the < 0.002, organic matter and pHKCl. The Cu content determined in soils varies between 0.2 and 725.0 whilst the expected Cu content is in the range 3.1-13.6 mg kg-1. The geometrical and arithmetical mean values of the copper content in soils amount to 6.5 and 8.6 mg kg-1 respectively. Approximately 97% of the countrys agricultural soils have a natural Cu content (0o - unpolluted soils) whereas 3% have a slightly elevated content of Cu (Io). Soils with different degrees of Cu pollution (weakly polluted -IIo, medium heavily polluted - IIIo, heavily polluted - IVo, very heavily polluted - Vo) represent only 0.40% of farmlands area. Soils in industrialised regions contain higher quantities of copper and are polluted with Cu to a greater degree than are the rural soils nationally.
In 1996, a field experiment was set up on class IIIa soil, which consisted of 6 trials: 1 – bare fallow, 2 – fallow land seeded with annual plants, 3 – field swarded with goat’s rue (Galega orientalis Lam.), 4 – traditional fallow, 5 – field swarded with a mix of goat’s rue (Galega orientalis Lam.) and aweless brome (Bromus inermis), 6 – field swarded with aweless brome (Bromus inermis). During the tests, no agrotechnical measures were carried out apart from periodical mechanical weeding of the bare fallow and the sowing of annual plants. Plant samples for chemical analyses were taken from the swarded fields; the remaining biomass was left on the fields. After each growing season, soil samples were collected in four replicates from the 0-25 cm and 25-50 cm soil horizons, for determination of the content of Cu, Zn and Mn available forms. This paper discusses the results obtained in 2000-2007. The experiment has demonstrated that the way farmland was laid fallow or set-aside had an effect on concentrations of the available forms of Cu, Zn and Mn in the 0-25 and 25-50 cm soil horizons. Particularly large changes occurred in the levels of Zn and Mn. The way set-aside arable land was kept had a weaker influence on the concentrations of easily soluble forms of copper. By seeding annual plants and leaving the grown biomass on a set-aside field, it was possible to maintain the soil abundance of available Zn on a high level and that of Cu and Mn – moderately high. Keeping soil as bare fallow favoured better accumulation of available forms of copper and manganese.
The effects of Cu on the production of hydroxamate siderophores, microbial activity and physiological state of bacteria in a sandy-loam soil were studied. Soil samples were treated with either 0.5 or 2.5 mg Cu (as chloride) g-1 or were left untreated. Soil microflora responded to added Cu by changing the physiological state and production of specific metabolites, i.e. siderophores; however, microbial activity did not show any significant change.
The study was investigated the effects of 10-day treatment with chelidonine (50 and 100 mg/kg ip) on the concentration of creatinine and urea in the blood serum of rats subacutely intoxicated by copper. Subacute intoxication with copper chloride has been found to cause a significant decrease in the urea level and no effect 011 the creatinine level. Chelidonine had virtually 110 effect on the parameters examined except for the decrease in urea in the dose of 50 mg/kg as compared with the control group. 10-day treatment with both doses of chelidonine significantly decreased the level of creatinine and increased the level of urea (dose 100mg/kg) in the serum of intoxicated rats.
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