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Melanophores inside frogs

86%
Melanocytes/melanophores were known for some decades as pigment cells in skin. The origin of these cells in embryogenesis from neural crest cells is actively investigated now. Some melanocytes/melanophores were described inside adult vertebrates. Historically, these internal melanocytes have been largely ignored, until recently. In frogs, the melanophores populate not only the skin, but all the inner connective tissues: epineurium, peritoneum, mesentery, outer vascular layer and skin underside. In adult avian, melanocytes were also found in visceral connective tissues, periostea, muscles, ovaries and the peritoneum. In mammals and humans, melanocytes are also revealed in eyes, ears, heart and brain. A black-brownish pigment, which can be found in brains of humans and some mammals, was called neuromelanin. Currently, attempts are being made to treat neurodegenerative diseases and various nerve injuries with medications containing melanin. In this micro-review, we wanted to remind again about the inner melanophores on visceral organs and lining blood vessels and nerves, their importance in organisms resistance to adverse environmental factors.
The amniotic fluid (AF) was fractionated by dialysis, gel filtration and SDS/PAGE, and submitted to the assay of collagenous constituents. The collagenous character of peptides and proteins of amniotic fluid was confirmed by hydroxyproline (Hyp) assay and treatment with bacterial collagenase followed by electrophoresis and gel filtration of the digestion products. It was found that AF contains collagen degradation products but the classical method of Hyp determination described by Woessner (Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1961, 93, 440-447) gives overestimated values due to the interference with other AF components. Fractionation of AF on Sephadex G-100 column allowed to remove the interfering material and to estimate the actual Hyp content which equals to approx. 6.2 μg/ml. About 70% of Hyp was found in low molecular dialyzable products and the rest (about 30%) appears to be a constituent of non-dialyzable collagenous polypeptides of the molecular mass of about 7.9-26.3 kDa. It is suggested that such collagenous polypeptides may be the products of proteolytic conversion of collagen precursor (procollagen) into the monomeric form of this protein. No high molecular forms of collagen, corresponding to alpha-subunits, were found.
The results of studies on the effects of low molecular weight acidic solution peptides on the growth and development of the marbled crayfish artificial cultivation.An increasing weights of juvenile freshwater crayfish under the influence of dietary supplement "Albuvir" drug. With the use of histological methods of research, found the impact of 0.01 % solution of the drug on the state of the marbled crayfish lobules of hepatopancreas and fat cells. Developed a method for growing juvenile freshwater crayfish with "Albuvir", which allows to increase the weight gain of crustaceans on 24.3–27.2 % and reduce the level of cannibalism at 20 %.
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