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The scale patterns of 6000 cones from one single tree of Pinus nigra Arn. have been examined. Apart from the main Fibonacci pattern with 8 and 13 parastichies, nine aberrant spiral patterns with Fibonacci-type sequences have been found. They are quite rare and occur with different frequencies. The parastichy quotient 8/13 of the prevalent pattern is very close to the golden ratio 0.618. In case of the black pine it appeared that the greater the deviation of the parastichy quotient m/n from 0.618, the rarer the pattern. Similar results obtained for the sample of 1506 cones collected from three individual trees of larch (Larix decidua Mill.) suggest a true correlation between the frequency of a pattern and the deviation of its parastichy quotient from the golden ratio.
The paper presents data on acquisition of conifer cones from 16 seed extraction plants operating on the territory of Poland during four consecutive years from 2009 to 2012. A high variability was observed in provision of seed units to the seed exaction plants related to specificity of a given seed year. During the four analyzed years the most commonly acquired cone was that of Scots pine – above 1.3 thousand Mg, and the most rare were pines of common fir – 31 Mg. The plants that process the largest number of cones are seed extraction plants in forest districts of Jarocin, Kluczbork and Rytel where over 600 Mg of cones were extracted. Conifer cones, which are usually treated as waste, may be utilized as an energy source. After seed extraction their mass decreases from 16 to 30% depending on the species. The analysis showed that the annual quantity of conifer cones that can be used as an energy source is on average 270 Mg of empty cones.
The article presents the attempt to establish connections between the shape of cones and the weight, number and colour of seeds coming from one stand. The author suggested choosing pine (Pinus sylvestris) seeds of the best cultivation characteristics before extraction, paying attention to the shape of cones, and after extraction basing on the weight and colour of seeds. In addition, the author studies the distribution of dark and light seeds on cone scales.
Twenty Abies alba trees were selected for restoration purpose of species in the Sudeten. Eleven features of cone and seeds collected from those trees were examined and all of them significantly differed selected trees. Five features, i.e. cone length, cone biggest diameter, length and width of ovuliferous scales, and length of wings with were recommended as having the highest diagnostic value.
The present study was conducted to illustrate the micromorphology of mature sporangia and pollen grains of four Ginkgo biloba cultivars: ‘Horizontalis’, ‘Lasiocarpa’, ‘Pragensis’ and ‘Tubifolia’ and is a continuation of earlier investigations on this subject. The sporophylls bear typically two pendulous sporangia, whereas three were found in one cultivar. The sporangia varied in shape from oval, elliptical elongate to boat-shaped and dehisced along a longitudinal slit. The sporangial walls are multilayered. The sculpture of the sporangium is rugose covered with wax crystals (tubules) and the endothecium shows clearly visible fibrous thickening on the wall. The pollen grains are monosulcate, the non-apertural surface is irregularly ridged (striate) or rugulate, with perforations and the germinal aperture (furrow) is covered with verrucae. The current study did not differentiate significantly four cultivars based on sporangia and pollen morphology. The micromorphological traits may be useful for identification and classification of fragments of fossil sporangia and pollen grains.
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