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The present study was performed for the period of one year from June 2012 to May 2013 in order to understand the physico-chemical properties of sediments samples collected along the Mahim Creek of Mumbai. The annual average pH value of the creek sediments was recorded as 9.22. It is feared that such conditions may increase the alkalinity of Creek water which according to USEPA will increase the physiological stress of many aquatic species resulting in decreased reproduction, decreased growth, disease, or death thereby reducing the biological diversity of the Creek. The total organic matter in the creek sediments was found to be maximum of 10.30 % with an annual average concentration of 6.29 %. Although organic matter is a primary source of food for benthic organisms and is important in maintaining a viable ecosystem, too much of organic matter deposited in the sediments will be responsible for depletion in dissolved oxygen content of the creek water causing unpleasant odours and may also increase the rate of eutrophication. From the results it appears that as India moves towards stricter regulation of industrial effluents to control water pollution, greater efforts are required to control the discharge of pollutants into the ecosystems.
The aim of this work was to investigate the possibility of using various electrical and dielectric parameters to distinguish natural honeys and determine their authenticity. Electrical properties of honey were tested at temperatures between 10°C and 30°C, in an electromagnetic field frequency ranging from 50 Hz to 20 kHz. The determination of permittivity, dielectric loss factor and conductivity for honey makes it possible to distinguish types of honey and check their authenticity. The temperature of a honey sample has a significant effect on the values obtained for the measured electrical properties. Testing should be carried out within a temperature range of 15°C to 25°C. Further research, carried out on a greater quantity and variety of honeys, may lead to the introduction of new effective methods for evaluating the type and quality of natural honey.
The BLM-system for studying the electrophysical properties of bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) was applied to investigate interactions between polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers and lipid bilayers. The cationic PAMAM G5 dendrimer effectively disrupted planar phosphatidylcholine membranes, while the hydroxyl PAMAM-OH G5 and carboxyl PAMAM G4.5 dendrimers had no significant effect on them.
The present paper reports on the year-long study of atmospheric precipitation (rain and snow) composition, including nitrogen, phosphorus and mineral matter as conductivity, in ice-free area of western coast of Admiralty Bay (King George Island). The effects of the local Adelie penguin colony on nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in atmospheric precipitation, as well as the role of wind on nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment of ice-free areas uncovered by a progressing deglaciation of the Ecology Glacier (ASPA 128) were examined. The effect of marine influence on the mineral matter level (as conductivity) in atmospheric precipitation was examined too. The determination of conductivity, nitrogen and phosphorus were assayed according to standard methods. Conductivity, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in atmospheric precipitation differed depending on sampling sites location, precipitation type (rain or snow), season (summer or winter), and also distance from a penguin rookery. The mean conductivity of rain and snow amounted to 189 μS cm⁻¹ and was higher in rain (up to 290 μS cm⁻¹) than in snow samples (87 μS cm⁻¹). Mean total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations in precipitation amounted to 0.208 mg Ndm⁻³ and 0.028 mg P dm⁻³, respectively. A higher conductivity was recorded in the precipitation transported by NNW winds (200 μS cm⁻¹), and lower in the precipitation transported by SSE winds (80 μS cm⁻¹). The seasonal variability of conductivity was characterized by a higher values during summer (320 μS cm⁻¹) and lower – during winter (90 μS cm⁻¹). The most nutrientrich samples were those collected in the centre of the penguin rookery, average values of TN and TP concentrations were 0.450 mg N dm⁻³ and 0.090 mg P dm⁻³, respectively. At the other sites concentrations of TN and TP were lower. Seasonal variabilty of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were usually characterized by minimal concentrations during winter and maximal – during spring or summer. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were characterized by a statistically significant negative relation along the distance from the penguin rookery and along the altitude of sampling sites. The influence of the penguin rookery on the higher concentrations of biogenic compounds caused the high concentrations of ammonium nitrogen (averaging about 0.250 mg N dm⁻³) during summer at all sampling sites, even at those, located farthest away (about 2200 m) from the penguin colony. The annual nitrogen and phosphorus loads deposited by atmospheric precipitation onto the ice-free area were estimated at about 0.752 kg N ha⁻¹ and 0.061 kg P ha⁻¹, respectively.
The research was made on the largest (ca 500 ha) peatland complex in the western Poland (“Chlebowo” mire) (N 52º44’14.3’’ E 16º45’20.7’’), that exists under considerable anthropogenic pressure. Species composition of testate amoebae in selected microhabitats was described. The fundamental environmental factors influencing the structure of assemblages were determined. Twenty four samples were taken from 10 sites (Sphagnum lawn, hollow and hummock) dominated by Sphagnum and brown mosses. Each of them was analysed in relation to its taxonomical composition. Nine environmental parameters (acidity (pH), conductivity, colour, NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, PO₄³⁻, SO₄²⁻, Ca²⁺ and Mg²) were measured in the field and laboratory. Thirty two testate amoebae species of 13 genera were identified within the 24 sites. In most of the sites species composition was dominated by Hyalosphenia papilio Leidy, Cyclopyxis arcelloides Leidy and Hyalosphenia elegans Leidy, however the most numerous were Amphitrema flavum Archer, Hyalosphenia papilio Leidy and Cyclopyxis arcelloides Leidy. The particular parameters, i.e. pH, depth to the water table (DWT) and SO₄²⁻ content significantly explained the species variability. Multivariate analyses showed that species tend to group especially along the pH gradient; to a smaller extent along the DWT and SO₄²⁻, together with pH.
This study compares the results of three stations differing greatly in geography, and tendencies of change in the chemistry of precipitation (open and throughfall) in the years 1996-1999. The mean annual pH is lower than 5.2, and often drops below 4.6. A distinct decline in the concentrations of sulphate ions at all the stations is observed.
Celem przeprowadzonych badań było stwierdzenie, czy istnieje współzależność między zawartością popiołu i przewodnością elektryczną właściwą miodów pszczelich. Materiał badawczy stanowiły miody pszczele różnego typu, jasne i ciemne produkowane w Polsce. Zawartość popiołu, w zależności od typu i odmiany, wynosiła od 0,04 do 0,67 g/100 g. Odpowiadająca jej przewodność elektryczna właściwa przyjmowała wartości od 0,9 do 10,7∙10ˉ⁴ S/cm. Analiza statystyczna wyników wykazała istnienie ścisłej współzależności między zawartością popiołu i przewodnością elektryczną właściwą. Świadczą o tym wysokie współczynniki determinacji. Pomiar konduktometryczny jest pomiarem szybkim i jednocześnie prostym do wykonania, może więc być stosowany do oznaczania zawartości popiołu w miodach.
For the period of 4 years, in quarter-time cycle, samples had been taken from surface microlayers and subsurface water of the lakes: Gardno, Jasień and Dołgie Wielkie, by two techniques (Garret net and glass plate). In each talked over layers we have analyzed contents of calcium, general alka-linity, conductance and water reaction (pH). We have also determined the ability of surface mi-crolayer to accumulate these components and we have compared it to subsurface water ability and verified whether this ability depends on the kind of the lake.
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