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In recent years a reduced weight cell panel, whose trade mark is Dendrolight, has gained worldwide recognition thanks to the opening of an experimental factory in Austria and the start-up of a new industrial factory in Latvia with manufacturing capacity of 65 thousand m3 cell board material per year. Hitherto the internal layer of cell panel of cellular wood material type has been produced mainly from softwoods like Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) or Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) covered with plywood, solid wood, particleboard or other material. The reduced weight cell panel has many applications in the furniture industry, internal cladding, door production, the transport manufacturing industry, and possibly in the construction panel production. The essential goal of the research was to identify possible applications of aspen (Populus tremula L.) wood, which is a common broad-leaved tree in Latvia, as an alternative material to Norway spruce in the production of reduced weight cell panel. The aim of the initial research was to investigate some physical and mechanical properties of aspen cell panel covered with aspen and plywood as well as to compare these physical and mechanical properties with the properties of wood-based panels. The following raw materials were used: finger jointed aspen for internal layer; finger jointed aspen and three-layer birch plywood for external layer; polyurethane and polyvinylacetate adhesives for internal and external layer gluing. Tests of obtained aspen panel were carried out in accordance with current test standards for testing of panel and timber properties. The following panel parameters were determined: moisture content, density, swelling in thickness after 24-hour immersion in water, tensile strength, three-point bending strength and modulus of elasticity, and four-point bending strength. A relevant conclusion: panels of cellular wood material type produced from aspen wood have similar physical and mechanical properties to such cell panels produced from spruce wood.
Tested were 1788 purebred Arabian fillies and colts raced during the following periods: I (seasons 1927-1939), II (seasons 1946-1961) and III (seasons 1962-1992). There were divided into groups according to quantities of horses submitted to performance trials (more than 20 heads, 5-20 and less than 5 ones). It was found, that in greater herds more often occurred extreme values of coefficients of success per head. The highest value was observed in the I period and resulted 1.73.
Soil organic matter (SOM) is an essential soil constituent. The deficiency of SOM is an essential problem in many regions in Poland. Diversity of organic matter and the environment create varying structures and compositions, and thus differences in properties of humic substances (HS) especially humic acids (HAs). It was found that soil amendment with organic matter resulted in improving of soil and HAs properties compared with non-treatment ones. The results obtained provided the following evidences. With respect to HAs: an increasing content of carboxylic groups in HAs from amended soils; a major content of aromatic ring systems; higher carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and sulphur and lower oxygen contents comparing to the control; the addition of straw caused an increase of carbon content in HAs particles and, consequently a decrease of the C:H ratio; higher content of oxygen functional groups compared with non-treated ones. Organic matter from straw is more resistant to fast decomposition as compared to compost and it shows higher long-term sorption capacity. Therefore, straw may be an equivalent to natural sources of SOM in terms of agriculture and ecosystems protection.
This paper analyses the use of roundwood among the SR major competitors in the EU. The analysis compared the calculated variables on production and consumption of different roundwood assortments in the Slovak Republic, the Czech Republic, Austria and Finland. To ensure comparability, individual index methods are applied to the volume of import on production and consumption and export consumption over the period of five years. The results show different development of roundwood utilisation in analysed countries.
Wood pellets are a high comfortable homogeneous fuel, which is wonderfully wellkept and it regulates the heat. Heating using wood pellets is a real alternative to normal (fossil) fuels and comfort is close to heating with natural gas. The main aim of the paper is to present the possibilities of calculation method in wood processing industry in Slovakia specializing in the production of wood pellets.
Calving course of 100 cows of Limousine breed covered by bulls of the same breed as well as 100 cows of Polish Holstein-Friesian breed inseminated with Limousine bull's semen was investigated. In purebred population the material was taken from the beef cattle recording scheme provided by the Polish Association of Beef Cattle Breeders and Producers. In case of commercial crossing the material was taken from the questionnaires collected by the technicians representing Mazovian Centre of Animal Breeding and Reproduction in Łowicz. The data base covered calving course degree and calf body weight at birth degree. It was proved, that the significantly higher ratio of deliveries when human help was needed was stated in the purebred Limousine population (14%), in comparison to crossbreeding where the above mentioned ratio was only 7%. The most difficult calvings were observed for the calves of the highest birth weight. The high ratio of assisted calvings in commercial crossing as well as in purebred population of Limousines suggest that all of the deliveries should be monitored by the breeders. It should be also stated that the ratio of difficult calvings in the commercial crossing is significantly lower than that observed in purebred PHF population. Because of so low ratio of assisted calvings in commercial crossing with Limousine bulls it should be recommended to use the semen of bulls which pedigree show high body weight at birth and muscularity.
The EPIC structure allows to know strengths and weaknesses of each part of the world and of several countries in each part. It helps decision-makers, in accordance with their problem, to choose the best option of development and investments. It is a tool to have more information about economy, politics, infrastructure and competence. The goal of the paper is to compare the infrastructure in Poland and France by using of the EPIC approach. Poland is one of very good investment destinations for companies targeting both western and eastern as well as northern and southern parts of Europe. Unfortunately the transportation infrastructure in Poland is still poor if you compare with countries in the Western Europe, even if internationals routes have been developed and modernized. France is a very good investment destination for companies. The French government invests in repairs of the railway, maintenance of all the transports, development of ecological transport and the building of some new roads and new logistics area.
The aim of the article was to compare the application of marketing communication tools used by organic food producers in Slovakia and Austria. Additionally, we were interested in the opinions of producers about customers, the differences between organic markets in Slovakia and Austria, and the barriers and opportunities to improve marketing communication in the organic food market. The survey was conducted using a standardized questionnaire developed in the Slovak and German languages by the authors of the article. The study population included 172 registered entities that have acquired the status of organic food producers. The effective rate of return of the questionnaire reached 40%. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the Slovak organic food producers should make greater use of marketing communication tools in their business and develop distribution channels, for example: selling products in vending machines, which are used for this purpose in Austria. In addition, they should engage their clients in the process of organic food production through the use of loyalty programs and PR activities to keep up long-term relationships with them, facilitate consumer access to organic food through participation in various trade fairs, exhibitions, events, festivals, organize excursions during which consumers are able to become acquainted with the history and tradition of the company and its products, and employ targeted promotional activities to educational entities such as schools, and also in business entities and training courses on the use of organic food in the cooking process.
The aim of the study was to compare the arteries supplying human and bovine masculine gonads. The study was made on two extremely different types of location of the mediastinum testis. The study was made on 100 (50 human and 50 bovine) corrosive casts of the testicular, cremasteric, and deference duct arteries. The differences between the species included different courses of the testicular artery inside the spermatic duct, the relative size of the three arterial diameters, and the morphology of the anastomoses of the arteries. In human testicular arteries, the course inside the spermatic course was more variable than in that of bulls. The artery was straighter and in 80% of the cases did not form the loops which were present in 100% of the bovine specimens. The bovine testicular artery was significantly wider in relation to the cremasteric and deferens duct arteries than the human one. This finding suggests that collateral blood flow to the testis was less effective in bulls than in men. The human testicular artery directly connected the other two with its terminal branches. The bovine testicular artery connected with the cremasteric and deferens duct arteries indirectly by means of its deferens duct branch. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 4: 225–231)
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