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Allergic rhinitis is a common cause of chronic cough. Topical corticosteroids are regarded as the most effective first-time treatment in allergic rhinitis. In this study we evaluated the cough sensitivity during the early and late allergic responses in guinea pigs with experimental allergic rhinitis. Another aim of the study was to follow up the effect of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate on the cough in guinea pigs with allergic rhinitis. 31 guinea pigs were sensitized with ovalbumin (OA). Animals were intranasally challenged with OA (experiment) or saline (control) in 7-day intervals for 9 weeks. Cough was induced by inhalation of citric acid aerosols in gradually increasing concentrations for 30 s and was evaluated 1 h after the 8th nasal challenge (NCH) and 17 h after the 9th NCH. Cough was significantly increased only during an early allergic response, 1 h after repeated NCH [18 (14-23) vs. 8 (3-10); P<0.001]. Five experimental animals were inhaling aerosol of beclomethasone dipropionate seven days between the 8th and the 9th NCH and cough was evaluated 1 h after the 9th NCH. Inhaled corticosteroids significantly inhibited the enhanced allergic rhinitis related cough [4 (1-9) vs.19 (9-37) vs. 6 (3-9); P<0.05].
Investigations on sodium citrate conversion to citric acid by the pure electrodialysis process with bipolar membrane were carried out. The current efficiencies based on the number of moles of produced acid and on the concentration changes were determined. Both the mean and the instantaneous efficiencies were calculated. It was found that the mean efficiencies of acid and base are higher at the lowest current densities (52 mA/cm²), with the maximum being observed at 78 mA/cm² for the highest initial salt concentration (1.4 mol/dm³). Higher initial sodium citrate concentration in the salt circuit increases the process efficiency. In the case of low initial salt concentrations, as the process progresses, acid instantaneous efficiency, CEa, decreases with time. For cs = 1 mol/dm³ it is practically constant, and for higher salt concentrations they even grow. In the case of the highest investigated current density (104 mA/cm²), the opposite situation was observed; that is, the CEa decreases with time for the higher salt concentration cs = 1.3 mol/dm³.
The aim of the study was to determine the effects of raw meat material composition, citric acid level (0.1 or 0.15%) and storage time at 10°C (2 or 6 days) on properties of sausage imitating salami. As modification of meat raw material composition, part of the binding component - unfrozen 2nd class beef (lean, with high connective tissue content) was replaced by frozen 3rd class pork (also lean, with high connective tissue content). The amount of 2nd class beef in the formula was 30 or 10%. Modification of technological process applied in the experiment brought no advantages. The diminished amount of binding component and/or increased citric acid addition did not accelerate drying of the sausage during storage at 1()°C. The changes in the formula were detrimental to quality characteristics of the product. Storage at 10°C slightly improved texture (bind) of the sausage (as a result of drying). It did not cause significant changes in other sensory scores and pH.
A new criterion was proposed to evaluate the process of citric acid biosynthesis by the acetate negative mutant strain Yarrowia lipolytica AWG-7 cultivated on glucose syrup by the repeated-batch method. This criterion imparts the same weight to the overall amount of the citric acid production and to the trend in citric acid concentration. To determine the optimum levels of bacto-peptone, ammonium chloride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate which maximize the proposed objective function, a central composite design was developed using 50 ml repeated-batch fermentation. The design involved 20 processes conducted with various combinations of the five values of these three parameters. The experiments produced empirical values of the proposed criterion which were then approximated with the fourth-order polynomial. It was found that the optimal concentrations of bacto-peptone, ammonium chloride, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate equaled 8.5; 159.8 and 65 mgl-1, respectively.
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Aluminium solubility in the presence of citric acid

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The present study points to an important role of citric acid in limiting toxicity of aluminium ions for pea plants which was confirmed by the plants’ growth, development and yield. Excess of aluminium influenced plant nutrition with Ca, P, Mg, and K as this toxic element did not only gather in the roots of the studied plants but also in their above-ground parts. Limitation of aluminium toxicity by its complexing with citric acid clearly influenced a increase in the Fe uptake by plants and an decrease in the Mn uptake which was statistically proved.
Three-year-long field and storage experiments were carried out to evaluate changes in concentrations of some organic acids in ‘Rywal’ and ‘Saturna’ potato tubers as affected by herbicides used during the growing period. The tubers were stored for 3 and 6 months at 4℃ and 8℃ at relative humidity of 95%. The weed control method did not change acid concentrations in the tubers. However, significant differences between the cultivars were seen. ‘Saturna’ had a higher content of citric, tartaric and fumaric acids, while that of malic acid was lower than in the ‘Rywal’ cultivar. There was a negative correlation between organic acids under study and malic acid after the harvest. The storage period and a lower storage temperature promoted accumulation of malic acid in both cultivars. A reverse relationship was noted in the case of other acids under study. The highest decrease, up to 70%, was found for fumaric acid assessed after 6 months of storage of the ‘Saturna’ cultivar.
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Effects of thorax irradiation on citric acid-induced cough in guinea pigs

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Thoracic irradiation may cause an acute lymphocytic alveolitis or hypersensitivity pneumonitis. It is well known that cough reflex is sensitized by a number of inflammatory mediators. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of the thoracic irradiation on the cough response in awake guinea pigs. Guinea pigs (Trik strain) were exposed to sham irradiation (n=16), a single irradiation dose of 10 Gy (n=12), and a fractionated irradiation dose (in five fractions) of 15 Gy (n=12) delivered to the thorax. Cough was induced by citric acid aerosol inhalation in gradually increasing concentrations (0.05-1.6 M) during the first week after thoracic irradiation. The cough response was expressed as a total number of coughs induced during all citric acid challenges. Irradiated animals with single dose of 10 Gy exhibited a time- dependent significant increase of citric acid-induced cough in the 6th day after irradiation compared with control animals (P=0.005), whereas cough was not altered significantly in irradiated animals with fractionated dose of 15 Gy. This study demonstrates that the increased cough response may be a determinant of the functional changes of airway nerve-endings mediating cough in the early phase after thoracic irradiation.
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