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This study was aimed at determining the content of cis9transll C18:2 (CLA) acid and of trans isomers of C18:l and C18:2 acids in fat of mould cheeses originating from various producers (from different countries) available on the market in the city of Olsztyn. Analyses were carried out for 20 types of mould cheeses originating from different EU Member States, i.e. Poland (8 types) as well as Denmark, Germany, France and Italy (3 types from each country). The content of cis9transll C18:2 acid in fat of the analyzed mould cheese originating from Polish producers ranged from 0.25 to 0.64% and did not differ significantly (p>0.05) from that noted in fat extracted from cheeses originating from the other EU Member States. The content of this acid in cheeses from Denmark ranged from 0.50 to 0.54%, in those from Germany - from 0.44 to 0.81%, in those from Italy - from 0.48 to 0.51%, and in those from France - from 0.41 to 0.54% of the total fatty acid composition. Contents of trans isomers of C18:l acid in cheeses from Poland accounted for 1.94 to 2.64% of the total fatty acid composition. A similar content of those isomers was reported in the French cheeses. In turn, in the cheeses originating from Denmark, Germany and Italy the total content of C18:l trans isomers was found to be significantly (p≤0.05) higher. Trans isomers of C18:2 acid analyzed in the Polish cheeses constituted from 0.57 to 0.73%. In the cheeses from Denmark and France they were at a similar level, whereas in the cheeses from Germany and Italy the total content of those isomers was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than in the Polish cheeses. The study demonstrated that the investigated mould cheeses originating from various producers and from various countries, and available on the Olsztyn market, were characterized by similar contents of CLA and diversified contents of trans isomers of C18:1 and C18:2 acids.
The Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are currently considered important emerging pathogens threatening public health. Among Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7 strains have emerged as important human pathogens. This study was conducted to determine the presence of Escherichia coli O157 and O157:H7 in raw milk samples and Van herby cheese samples. For this purpose, 100 samples of raw milk were collected and 100 samples of herby cheese sold for consumption in Van province in Turkey were obtained from grocers and markets in order to detect the presence of Escherichia coli O157 and O157:H7. The method of E. coli O157 and O157:H7 isolation proposed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was used. E. coli O157 in raw milk and herby cheese samples was found in 11% and 6% of samples respectively, and E. coli O157:H7 was found in 2% of herby cheese samples. No E. coli O157:H7 was detected in raw milk samples. This study showed that raw milk was contaminated with E. coli O157 and herby cheese was contaminated with both E. coli Ol 57 and E. coli Ol57:H7; therefore, herby cheese poses a serious risk to public health.
The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid profile of cheese and tvorog milk fat obtained from the local producers from the region of north-eastern Poland. The material consisted of tvorog and cheese samples made from cow, goat and sheep’s milk. Methyl esters of fatty acids in milk fat was prepared with the use of IDF Standard 1999 and was performed by the gas chromatography method. Differences were found in the percentage share of each fatty acid group depending on the type of milk from which the cheese was produced. It may be concluded that local tvorog and cheese made from goat’s, sheep’s and cow’s milk from north-eastern Poland may be a valuable source of short- and medium-chain fatty acids as well as CLA.
Background. Food spoilage is a process in which the quality parameters decrease and products are no longer edible. This is a cumulative effect of bacteria growth and their metabolite production, which is a factor limiting shelf life. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate whether microbiological growth models for total viable count (TVC) and Clostridium strain bacteria are reliable tools for prediction of microbiological changes in spreadable processed cheese. Material and methods. Investigations were conducted for two types of bacteria: TVC and Clostridium in following temperature: 8°C, 20°C and 30°C. A total number of aerobic bacteria was determined based on standard PN-EN ISO 4833:2004 and Clostridium was detected by using microbiological procedure for sulphite-reducing anaerobic spore-bacteria with a selective nourishment. During the analysis nonlinear regression and Baranyi and Roberts primary model were used. Results. For temperatures 20°C and 30°C, Baranyi and Roberts model, for total viable count showed determination coefficient of 70%. The models prepared for Clostridium, in these temperatures, showed much lower R2, respectively 25% and 30%. At the abovementioned temperatures also the expiration of product shelf life was much shorter and amounted 70 days at 20°C and 7 days at 30°C. For both types of bacteria incubated at 8°C the numbers of bacteria decrease until the expiration of product shelf life. Conclusions. Models used in the analyses, Baranyi and Roberts and nonlinear regression, poorly matched the experimental data, hence they are not reliable tools. Nevertheless, they gave information about dynamic of microbiological changes in spreadable processed cheese.
A study was undertaken to examine the effect of oxygen absorbers (by Atco) used in the packaging of white cheeses on their shelf life. White cheeses packed in bags made of PA/PE laminate with and without oxygen absorbents were stored at a temperature of 5±0.5oC for a period of 7, 14 and 21 days. In the time spans mentioned, the white cheeses were determined for: the number of yeast, mould, and coli group bacteria, and for titratable acidity. Oxygen content of white cheese package atmosphere was assayed as well. The application of oxygen absorbers resulted in inhibited growth of yeast and moulds, and after two weeks also the growth of coli group bacteria. The presence of oxygen absorbers was observed not to affect any increase in the titratable acidity of stored white cheeses. The oxygen absorbers were proved effective in the modification of package atmosphere, i.e. they decreased oxygen concentration in the package atmosphere below 0.5%.
The objective of this paper was to investigate the influence of pH on rheological properties and meltability of processed cheese analogs obtained only from acid casein and partially replaced by different whey products. Hardness of processed cheese analogs obtained only on the base of acid casein was very high at pH 4.5–5.0, however decreased significantly with an increase of pH values. Addition of whey products to processed cheese analogs caused an increase of their hardness and viscosity. Meltability of cheese analogs increased in higher pH whereas decreased alongside with addition of demineralized whey powder (DWP 50) at pH 6.0-7.0. Substitution of 1% of casein with 1% whey protein produces much more solid cheeses, which can be used to reduce casein content and decrease production costs.
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