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Great advances have been made in recent years in marker detection systems and in the techniques used to identify markers linked to useful traits. While RFLP markers have been the basis for most work in crop plants, useful markers have been generated using RAPD and AFLP methods. More recently, microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers have been developed for major crop plants and this marker system is predicted to lead to even more rapid advances in both marker development and implementation in breeding programs. Identification of markers linked to useful traits has been based on complete linkage maps and bulked segregant analysis. However, alternative methods, such as the construction of partial maps and combination of pedigree and marker information, have also proved useful in identifying marker/trait associations. The value of markers in analysing the inheritance of traits in crop plants and understanding genome structure and organization is now well established. The different properties of markers systems and their applications in genome analysis and molecular breeding of cereals species are discussed.
Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) in crops of winter wheat is of interest in Poland, due to their significant share in the sown area. The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine the relationships between grain (Yd) and N yields (Yn), NUE, Water Use Efficiency (WUE) depending on N rates (F) and actual potential evapotranspiration (APET). The study used the results of field experiments, conducted in the years 2003–2013 in two locations in Poland. In the experiments, wheat was fertilized with doses of 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 kg N/ha under the fertilization with P, K, Mg and Ca. It was found that the dose range of 80 ± 40 kg N/ha allowed to obtain Yd of 5.34 ± 1.43 t/ha and NUE values of 116 ± 17%, which brought the risk of soil N mining. Increasing N doses (160 ± 40 kg/ha) increased Yd (6.08 ± 0.71 t/ha) and allowed for obtaining the desired values of NUE (73 ± 5%), Yn (119 ± 18 kg/ha) and N surplus (43 ± 13 kg/ha). The performed statistical analysis showed that Yd, Yn and WUE had grown with increasing doses of N under the influence of water shortages in the range of APET less than 398 mm. Under these conditions positive interaction between Yd, Yn, WUE depending on F and APET has been demonstrated. Only for a dose of 200 kg N/ha were found negative interactions between Yd, WUE on F and APET. NUE decreased with increasing N doses. The relationship between NUE and WUE was positive but specific for N doses due to the statistically significant interaction of F×WUE. The maximum value of WUE obtained in the experiments was 26 kg grain/ha/mm. In the absence of limiting factors WUE increased linearly together with growing NUE up to the value of 93.9% and then linearly decreased. In the range of the desired NUE values (50–90%), WUE values were between 16,4–23,5 kg grain/ha/mm.
This study was aimed at determining lipid content, fatty acid composition and trans isomers content in fat extracted from cereals and cereal bars. Cereals and cereal bars were analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses showed that they were characterized by a diversified content of fat and composition of particular groups of fatty acids (saturated SFA, monounsaturated MUFA and polyunsaturated PUFA). Only oat flakes turned out to be a good source of PUFA (38.83% of total fatty acids). The remaining products contained more SFA (mean: 45.12% and 47.73% in cereals and 63.31% in cereal bars) than PUFA (mean: 12.24% and 16.73% in cereals and 7.83% in cereal bars). Lipid of all examined products contained trans isomers of C18:1 and C18:2 acids. In lipids of cereals, the total content of these isomers did not exceed 0.5% of the total fatty acids. A higher content of these isomers was found in cereal bars (0.45–3.15%).
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