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This study investigated changes in the coagulation profile of 10 healthy female dogs subjected to ovariohysterectomy. Blood samples were collected three times – before, directly after and 24 h after surgery. Plasma samples were analyzed to determine thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen content, D-dimer content and antithrombin (AT) III activity. The results revealed post-operative haemostatic system disorders related to prolonged APTT, higher fibrinogen and D-dimer concentrations and lower levels of AT III activity.
To investigate the prevalence of Neospora canimim antibodies in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in the north-western region of Iran, blood samples were taken from 181 (141 females and 40 males) buffaloes slaughtered in an abattoir in Ahvaz. Sera were tested for the presence of antibodies to N. canimim by an ELISA kit. The overall prevalence of Neospora canimim infection in the buffaloes tested was 37% (43.36% in females and 15% in males). Statistical analysis showed significant differences between male and female buffaloes. In female buffaloes, 7.7% of heifers and 56.8% of cows were seropositive. Statistical analysis showed the differences among female buffaloes were highly significant when their age is considered, and buffalo cows showed higher N. caninum prevalence when compared with heifers. With regard to the results of this study, high exposure of water buffaloes to N. canimim, and economical importance of buffalo industry to some regions of Iran, the role of N. canimim as a causal agent of abortions in this species should be investigated.
RT-PCR for the detection of bluetongue virus (BTV) in blood samples, collected from /infected animals, were described . Two primer sets targeting genome segment 7 of BTV were selected. The full-length S7 cDNA (1156 bp) was amplified in all samples of EDTA blood taken from BTV infected animals. No viral RNA was detected in samples from uninfected animals and seropositive cattle of Dutch origin, imported from Belgium on 7 August 2006. The method proved to be specific, as no positive reaction for foot and mouth disease virus, serotypes O and A, was observed. The applied RT-PCR is an accurate and reliable technique for the detection of BTV in EDTA blood samples. This assay is easy and quick to perform and the results are available within 10 h.
Blood parameter changes have been investigated after short-term road transport stress in 18 crossbred dairy cows in northwest of Iran. Cows were transported in 4 groups of four cows and one group of two cows in five different days. Each group was transported by truck up to a 40 km round trip for an hour. Blood was taken in 5 ml amounts from the jugular vein from each cow before transport and then repeated bleeding at 1.5 hours intervals up to 7.5 hours after transportation. Blood samples were assessed for cortisol, (ELISA), glucose, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (IP), magnesium (Mg) (spectrophotometer method), sodium (Na), potassium (K) (flame Photometer), total protein (TPP), fibrinogen (Refractometer method), leucocytes and differential count. Blood cortisol, glucose and leucocytes count increased up to 340%, 48.6% and 23% within 1.5, 7.5 and 6 hours after transport, respectively. Haematocrit decreased up to 17% after 7.5 hours transport. The mean differences (Wilk.s Lambda) for these parameters before and after transport were significant (P < 0.05). The mean differences for Ca, IP, Mg and eosinophil count were also significant (P < 0.05). The highest changes were observed for glucose, hematocrit after 7.5 hours, Ca and the leucocytes count after 6 hours, cortisol after 1.5 hours and the lymphocyte count after 3 hours of transportation. There were significant (P < 0.05) relationships between cortisol&Mg (r = .0.54), cortisol&TPP (r = .0.55), cortisol&fibrinogen (r = .0.52), cortisol&neutrophil (r = .0.52) cortisol & lymphocyte count (r = 0.79) 3 hours after transport. It is concluded that short-term road transport stress increased blood cortisol, that changes in the blood parameters are mainly due to glucose, hematocrit, and leucocyte count and blood electrolytes. Although these changes were within the reference range for cattle, since these parameters are known as health parameters in a ruminant.s life they should be considered during the transportation.
Microscopy has traditionally been the most common method in parasitological studies, but in recent years molecular screening has become increasingly frequent to detect protozoan parasites in a wide range of vertebrate hosts and vectors. During routine molecular screening of apicomplexan parasites in reptiles using the 18S rRNA gene, we have amplified and sequenced Proteromonas parasites from three lizard hosts (less than 1% prevalence). We conducted phylogenetic analysis to confirm the taxonomic position and infer their relationships with other stramenopiles. Although our phylogeny is limited due to scarcity of molecular data on these protists, our results confirm they are closely related to Proteromonas lacertae. Our findings show that unexpected parasites can be amplified from host samples (blood and tissue) using general procedures to detect hemoparasites, and stress that positive PCR amplifications alone should not be considered as definitive proof of infection by particular parasites. Further validation by sequence confirmation and thorough phylogenetic assessment will not only avoid false positives and biased prevalence estimates but also provide valuable information on the biodiversity and phylogenetic relationships of other parasitic organisms. More generally, our results illustrate the perils of general diagnosis protocols in parasitological studies and the need of cross-validation procedures.
For detection of Brucella species by PCR four DNA extraction methods and four targets were compared using pure culture of Brucella melitensis and the best conditions were applied in clinical samples. It was found that the MagNA Pure LC method was the most efficient and sensitivemethod showing a positive PCR reaction with DNA extracted from as low as 25 and 100 CFU suspended in one ml blood and one ml water, respectively. Detection of Brucella spp. by conventional PCR was investigated using four different targets. The results indicated that The B4-B5 amplification method was the most sensitive one as it could amplify DNA extracted from as a low as 25 and 100 CFU/ml suspended in one ml water and blood, respectively. Furthermore real-time PCR was able to detect Brucella using DNA extracted from as low as 50 CFU/ml blood and 15 CFU/ml water, respectively. The best and optimum detection conditions were applied to the clinical samples. Evaluation of conventional PCR assays on blood specimens confirmed 72% of the results obtained by conventional blood culture methods with a specificity of 95%, while serum samples had a sensitivity of 54% and specificity of 100%. Real-time PCR was generally found to be more sensitive and specific for detecting Brucella spp. in blood and serum samples compared to conventional PCR. The real-time PCR done on blood specimens confirmed 77.5% of the results obtained by conventional blood culture methods with specificity of 100%, while 60% of serum samples were found to be positive with specificity of 100%. These results suggest that serum and blood analysis by conventional and real time PCR is a convenient and safe method for rapid and accurate diagnosis of brucellosis.
The aim of this study was to compare some blood biochemical indicators in cows with displacement of abomasum (DA) which recovered or died after treatment. Examinations were performed on 60 multiparous cows with left (L) or right (R) displacement and on 15 healthy herdmates. Diagnosis was made by experienced practitioners on the basis of clinical examination. Surgical treatment was undertaken during the first 24 hours after diagnosis. Almost all animals (55 = 91.5%) became sick in the post parturient period (21 days p.p. on average) with the exception of 5 (8.3%) that became sick later. Blood samples were taken from each cow immediately before surgical procedure. Serum nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), glucose (Glu), cholesterol (Chol), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (Bil) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured. Sick animals were characterized by low mean values of Chol (≤ 2 mmol/l) and normal level of BUN (12-15 mg/dl), higher levels of NEFA (> 600 μmol/l) and Bil (> 22 μmol/l), higher activity of AST (> 100 U/l). Seven cows (11.67%) died after surgical correction and all others recovered. No significant differences in NEFA, Chol, AST, Bil and BUN levels were observed as dependent on the efficacy of treatment (survival, deaths). It was found that cows which died after surgical treatment were characterized by significant higher levels of glucose (5.05 mmol/l) compared to surviving cows (2.93 mmol/l).
The present study investigated the ability of sub MICs of cefotaxime, imipenem and ciprofloxacin to interfere with adhesion of E. coli strains to polystyrene (selected polymer used in studies on microorganisms’ adhesion). It was observed that cefotaxime and imipenem at ½ and ¼ MICs decreased the adherence of E. coli strains to polystyrene significantly. ½, ¼ and ⅛ MICs of ciprofloxacin generally decreased the adhesive properties of E. coli strains, but two E. coli strains showed a noticeable enhancement of adhesion after incubation at sub MICs of this antibiotic.
This aim of the study was to determine the activity of ADA serum and isoenzyme in feline retroviral infections. The study involved 6 FeLV seropositive, 4 FIV seropositive and 10 healthy seronegative cats aged between 1-8 years. Haematological, serum enzyme acivity (AST; ALT; ALP; GGT) as well as ADA serum and isoenzyme activity were determined in all the cats. Haematological parameters were within the normal range except for the platelet count in FIV seropositive cats (p<0.05). Serum enzyme activity was unchanged except for the AST concentration in FeLV and FIV seropositive cats compared to the healthy subjects. ADA serum and ADA1 concentrations were lower in the seropositive group than in the seronegative group. However, the decrease in ADA serum and ADA1 concentrations in FIV seropositive cats (p<0.01) was more significant than that of FeLV seropositive cats (p<0.05). In conclusion, decreased ADA and ADA1 activity in feline retrovirus infections may be significant.
A total of 445 domestic pigeons were genotyped for the lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA) gene. Crude DNA was isolated from blood samples and feathers. Two polymorphic sites were identified in intron 6: one near the splice donor site GT is called site H and the other near the splice acceptor site is called site B. Interestingly, the nucleotide changes of both these sites associate perfectly with the A and B alleles of HaeIII polymorphism: the A allele with nucleotide A of site H and nucleotide T of site B; while the B allele with nucleotide G of site H and nucleotide G of site B. In this study, we have identified the molecular difference between alleles A and B of the pigeon LDHA gene. The difference at site H in intron 6 explains the Hae III polymorphism. The frequencies of LDHA AB and LDHA BB genotypes between the analysed groups differ significantly (P < 0.001); the LDHA A allele was more frequent in the groups of pigeons with elevated homing performance (P < 0.001). The functional difference may be due to the change at site B, the potential splice branch site. Since LDHA activity is associated with the homing ability, it is possible that during the process of selection for the homing ability, the LDHA A allele has been selected, and is more prevalent in the top-racing groups.
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