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This research presents a method of creating seepage barriers in a sandy soil using biopolymer additives (biosubstance), which consist of polysaccharides and water. Polysaccharides strongly interact with water to produce a viscous suspension. The paper aims to investigate the infl uence of a biosubstance employed in a highly permeable sandy soil. Amount of the biopolymer used in a sample were 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%, by dry weight. The test results indicate that the hydraulic conductivity signifi cantly decrease with the amount of biosubstance added but only slightly increase when curing time gets longer. It is thought that such application, which is a relatively new soil improvement technique, could be used as a seepage barrier installation required to protect some geotechnical works including foundation, underground structures and waste disposals.
A statistical mechanical treatment of biopolymers is presented that includes the sequence information as an internal coordinate. This approach allows an assessment of the contribution of sequence information to the thermodynamic entropy. Even in cases where the sequence composition has no effect on the intersubunit interactions, the sequence composition contributes to the entropy of the system. Using a path integral representation, the canonical partition function can be represented as a product of a polymer configurational path integral and a sequence walk path integral. In most, biological instances the sequence composition influences the potential energy of intersubunit interaction. Consequently, the two path integrals are not separable, but rather "interact" via a sequence-dependent configurational potential. Biological constraints can also be built into the system and these effectively introduce an external potential. In proteins and RNA, the sequence walk occurs in dimensions greater than 3 and, therefore, will be an ideal "polymer". The Markovian nature of this walk can be exploited to show that all the structural information is contained in the sequence. This later effect is a result of the dimensionality of the sequence walk and is not necessarily a result of biological optimization of the system.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are especially interesting because of their similar properties to synthetic plastics and their potential use as biodegradable polymers. Many strategies have been employed to effectively and economically produce PHAs, among them a production process based on mixed microbial populations, enriched from activated sludge could be one of the alternative technologies. Defining the bacterial species creating these anonymous populations is crucial for the improvement of cultivation strategy. Moreover, enriched bacterial populations could be a promising source for microbes, useful in many biotechnological projects. The main object of this study was to characterize the microorganisms creating the microbial consortium cultured towards PHAs production. After cultivation, bacteria were identified using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing approach. The presence of genes engaged in PHAs synthesis was detected using PCR. The performed analysis revealed that among eleven isolated bacterial strains, four possessed the ability of polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis.
A natural rubber degrading candidate was isolated from a soil sample from Aswan, Egypt. The strain was able to grow on natural rubber as a sole source for carbon and energy. According to its degradation behavior, it grew adhesively and in direct contact with the rubber substrate and led to disintegration of the material during cultivation. Furthermore, this strain was not able to form a clear zone (translucent halos) around bacterial colonies after cultivation on NR latex plates. Taxo-nomic analysis of the strain based on partial 16S rRNA similarity examinations indicated that bacterial candidate belongs to genus Achromobacter sp. Schiff's reagent staining tests performed during cultivation of the strain on NR latex gloves of different sizes, treated or nontreated, revealed that the strain was able to colonize the rubber surface. Formation of bacterial films and occurrence of compounds containing aldehyde groups during cultivation was observed. The tested strain showed a higher colonization efficiency on small or treated pieces of NR latex gloves, while a lower colonization efficiency was recognized when grown on large or nontreated NR latex gloves. Plackett-Burman experimental design, based on numerical modeling, was applied to evaluate the significance of culture conditions affecting natural rubber degradation by the bacterial candidate. Eleven variables through fourteen trials were studied simultaneously. Based on rubber mineralization data, the highest positive variables affecting rubber degradation were NR granules, K₂HPO₄ Na-succinate and NH₄Cl, while MgSO₄ x 7H₂O and KH₂PO₄ were the lowest significant variables.
Engineering of a biobased package or packaging material requires knowledge of the processing and material properties of the polymers. If the properties of the native biopolymer are not identical to the required one, or if the polymer by nature is not thermoplastic, a certain modification of the polymer must take place. For very specific requirements (very low gas permeability or high water resistance) it is unlikely that one polymer will be able to provide all required properties even after modifications. Hence, it is necessary to use multiple materials in a composite, a laminate or co-extruded material.
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