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Assessment of fuel spraying using schlieren system

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This paper presents results of research on spraying a diesel oil, bioester, alternative fuel, which can be rapeseed oil and mixtures of fuels that can be used to fire engines with compression ignition. The fuels were sprayed using an injector with a pintile spray tip. This type of an injector is used in engines of older construction with indirect injection, which commonly utilize alternative fuels. In order to visualize the jets a schlieren system was utilized. The collected photos were used to determine the cone angle of the jet. Among the fuels tested the rapeseed oil was characterized by the worse spraying characteristics. The average value of the angle for jets of this type of an oil significantly deviated from the average angles of the remaining fuels. Bioester, obtained from a process of transesterification of the rapeseed oil, was characterized by a very good spray angle. Its average cone angle was very high. The differences in angles were mostly due to the viscosity of different fuels. Average jet angles of the sprayed fuel for the rapeseed oil after it was supplemented with fuels of lower viscosity -ethylene and ethyl alcohol in an amount of 15% -increased however the difference between the angles proved statistically insignificant.
This article investigates factors influencing knowledge of renewable energy types among 200 residents of 13 villages in Lubelskie province using survey data collected in 2013. Survey summary responses indicate that solar and wind energy were best known and biofuels the least known among five energy types considered in the questionnaire. Factors associated with varying degrees of renewable energy sources were identified using the multivariate ordered probit approach. The largest change in probability that a respondent’s self-assessed knowledge level fell into a specific category was associated with being a farmer, viewing the subject matter of the survey as important, having high income, being from a large household and, being married.
Технологии выращивания кукурузы на силос с применением методики UNIDO, позволяет определить возможности снижения химического воздействия на биомассу в процессе ее выращивания, уборки и подготовки к сбраживанию. Применение СР – технологии способствует уменьшению использования пестицидов и биологическая защита от насекомых, экологический эффект достигается за счет прямого посева кукурузы, частичного (В30) или полного (В100) перехода на дизельное биотопливо.
The European Union is supporting bioethanol which has an impact on the cereal sector. In consequence this type of fuel is made from cereals in the EU. As a result the competition is increasing in the sector for the limited field resources among the food supply, forage and biofuel.
Due to their quantitative and qualitative potential, rural areas participate to a significant degree in the achievement of the indicative targets resulting from the climatic package. Thanks to the production of biomass and, increasingly often, energy itself during the 2005–2014 period, the share of RES (renewable energy sources) in the production of primary energy grew twofold from 5.8% to 12.1%. Biomass was the main source, but since 2010 the use of wind and sun in the production of energy has been growing rapidly. Given that the costs of alternative sources for energy production (mainly electricity) are considerably higher than in case of using raw fuels, the development of this market depends on the amount of subsidies. The system applied in Poland is widely criticized because it favours large hydroelectric power plants and co-combustion, which arouses considerable environmental, technical, market and strategic controversies. Maintaining the current support system could therefore have significant implications for the structure of the market, because it is not conducive to the development of energy, based on the initiative of citizens and their communities. It remains untapped economic potential also in industrial policy and services and, in particular, in case of RES small- and micro-installations.
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Biomass contains chemical energy which is a transformed Sun radiation. This energy can be used in many different ways. One of these is a direct combustion which is the most popular. The direct combustion of biomass is a technology which is well proven in large-scale heat and power generation. However, the situation in the small-scale heat generation is not so good. This paper describes results from the experimental combustion with various kinds of biomass in three different combustion devices. Saw dust is used in the experiment described below. The aim is to choose the best biofuel modification and the best way for its combustion from the point of view of power and emission parameters. As for the so far reached results of the experiment, the best in case of saw dust is the combustion with gasification of saw dust briquettes on stable grate without primary air or pellets in bottom supplied burner.
The realized research was aimed at determining the water content, size and fractions of wood chippings obtained using different technologies. Average absolute water content of the tested wood chippings was between 43-90% and may serve as a basis for financial settlements between the suppliers and the power companies. The obtained fraction distribution results enable conclusion that regardless of the material type the largest fraction is the one with particles of 6-32 mm. The best quality of wood chippings are obtained from round wood and they meet the requirements of the PN-91/D-95009 norm for fuel wood chips. The chippings produced in woodland areas from forest cutting refuse do not meet the above-mentioned requirements and contain about 30% of contaminants and trees remaining in the forest cutting area after clearing with thin branches with needles. In order to achieve better composition, wood chip-pings from forest clearing waste should be mixed in appropriate proportion with wood chippings from cutting round wood.
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