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Cerebrospinal fluid analysis is an important element of neurologic diagnostics, and is relatively safe for the patient. Evaluation of the fluid provides information about the pathology of nervous system, particularly useful are macroscopic and microscopic analyses. As part of a quantitative analysis, cell counts, protein density and infectious disease testing are the most important and potentially sensitive indicators of disease. Despite describing pathological changes, microscopic evaluation rarely allows the diagnosis of a specific disease, therefore the received results should be interpreted to include data from the medical history, as well as from physical and neurological examinations.
Naegleria fowleri is a pathogenic amoeba that propagates in fresh water. It causes severe meningoencephalitis in infected humans (PAM, primary amebic meningoencephalitis). The mortality rate of this disease reaches over 99%. Most of the cases have been reported in the United States and have occurred mostly in summer. The prevalence of the disease in animals has been significantly lower than in man so far. Cases have been reported in cows, sheep, gibbons, gorillas, and tapirs, and experimental infections have been induced in mice. Meningoencephalitis is accompanied by progressive neurological signs. In the necropsy, the thickening of the meninges and multifocal areas of cerebral and cerebellar malacia are diagnosed. Histologically, a multifocal, necrosuppurative meningoencephalitis with areas of mallacia containing ameba trophoziotes are visible. The diagnosis of the disease is difficult. Ameba may be detected in the cerebro-spinal fluid, but often only after a culture of necropsy samples has been performed. The following techniques are used to diagnose the disease: immunofluorescent staining, light and confocal microscopy, ELISA, PCR, and RQ-PCR.
Hydrocephalus is an anomaly caused by an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricular system of the brain and/or subarachnoid space. It leads to neurological disorders in humans and animals. Prenatal injuries, such as viral infections or drug intoxications, may cause congenital hydrocephalus in cats. Moreover, a dry form of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), toxoplasmosis or some brain neoplasms (e.g. ependymoma) may lead to the development of acquired hydrocephalus in cats. In this report the authors describe a case of a 5-month-old Burmese cat with incontinence and a plantigrade posture as leading symptoms of acquired hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus was diagnosed using the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique. Moreover, inflammatory foci were detected in the medulla oblongata, whereas a cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed lymphocytic pleocytosis and an increased protein concentration. These clinicopathological findings are typical of the neurological form of the dry FIP. The cat was euthanized because the hydrocephalus was inflammatory and its cause was most probably infectious. This case report shows the practical use of MRI in veterinary practice.
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