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The conditions favouring self-pollination are determined for a species of Dendrobium Sw. A survey of gynostemium micromorphology in collected flowers of Dendrobium biflorum revealed two stages of a unique form of autogamy: on germination of pollen tetrads, pollen tubes reached the stigmatic region without the pollen being displaced from the anther locules. This is the first time for this type of autogamy to be reported in Dendrobium biflorum. Pollen grains germinated directly from the locules, bypassing the stigma or falling or sliding down onto the stigmatic surface. The pollen tubes were long and reached the stylar canal. On The Society Islands, differences in exposure of the habitats to weather conditions and altitude gradients influence both composition and form of the vegetation, as well as the occurrence of pollinators. The form of autogamy described here may be the usual method of pollination found on The Society Islands (and even the whole of French Polynesia), where suitable pollinators are absent and/or growth conditions stressful.
The seeds developed after autogamy in four species of the Arabis hirsuta complex: A hirsuta (L.) Scop. (4x), A hornungiana Schur. (4x), A. planisiliqua (Pers.) Reichenb. (2x) and A. sagittata (Bertol.) DC. (2x) were compared with the seeds collected after reciprocal crosses in three combinations: A. hirsuta and A. planisiliqua, A. hirsuta and A. sagittata, A. hornungiana and A. planisiliqua. The comparison has revealed the occurrance of metaxenia expressed in characteristics of seeds with hybrid embryos.
Allogamy in chasmogamous flowers of V. odorata (2n = 20) was detected using classical embryology methods and crossing experiments. 48 chasmogamous flowers left to open pollination were analysed. Out of 372 ovules normal, 8-nucleate ESs were observed in 52%; in 40% of ovules zygotes or embryos with endosperm occurred; 8% of ovules studied contained ESs in earlier stages of development. Additionally in several ovules some abnormalities concerning ES structure ahd the origin of embryos were detected. Isolation of 20 chasmogamous flower buds proved that self-fertilization did not occur without the pollen vector. Cross-pollination experiments involving both intra- and inter-population pollination showed that chasmogamous flowers yealded viable seeds after cross-fertilization. Seed germination occurs only after scarification. Scarified seeds germinated under in vitro culture conditions and developed into seedlings. Genetical structure of V. odorata populations depends on many factors discussed in this paper.
A series of studies on pollination biology of the Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser, E. purpurata Sm., and E. palustris (L.) Crantz populations was conducted in Poland, Lithuania and Czech Republic between 2003 and 2010. The research focused on pollinators and visitors to aforementioned orchid species as well as on the chemical analysis of orchids’ nectar which was done using the GC/MS method. It was found that: 1) the type of pollinators depends on the orchid population size and the surrounding environment, where the temperature and amount of precipitation during the vegetative season are the most vital factors; 2) pollinators and visitors to the examined orchids might differ in successive growing seasons; 3) the studied Epipactis species differ in the chemical composition of their nectar and its scent, which can influence their pollination biology; 4) the tendency to autogamy observed in E. purpurata might be due to lack of pollinators in its habitats.
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