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Two seed lots of Acer saccharinum (recalcitrant), with an initial moisture content of 50% and 55%, were stored at +3oC for 6 months. After this time, their viability (measured as germinability) reached 100% and 30%, respectively. In embryo axes and cotyledons extracted from seeds, two major low molecular antioxidants were assayed: ascorbate (ASA and DHA) and glutathione (GSH and GSSG); and activities of enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle were measured: ascorbate peroxidase (APO) (E.C. 1.11.1.11), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MR) (E.C. 1.6.5.4), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) (E.C. 1.8.5.1), and glutathione reductase (GR) (E.C. 1.6.4.2.). GSH and GSSG contents of embryo axes of stored seeds decreased, as compared to the control (fresh, non-stored seeds), but a larger decrease was observed in seeds with 30% viability. In cotyledons, a particularly high increase in the GSH content in relation to the control was observed in seeds with 100% viability, while the GSSG content was significantly lower in both stored seed lots than in the control. The ASA level was twice as high in seeds with 30% viability as in the control, both in embryo axes and in cotyledons. The activity of enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle was higher in embryo axes than in cotyledons. In embryo axes of seeds with 100% viability, enzyme activities were slightly lower than in the control, while in those of seeds with 30% viability, their activities were higher than in the control. The observed changes in activities of enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and in ascorbate and glutathione levels suggest that the stored seeds of A. saccharinum have an active antioxidant system, which plays an important role in maintaining their viability during storage.
Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is one of the key enzymes of the plant antioxidant system playing, along with catalase, a central role in hydrogen per oxidescavenging. An approach to further in crease the knowledge about cytosolic APX gene organization can be achieved by isolating and characterisating new cDNAs, thus providing new in sights about the physiological roles and regula tion of these enzymes. A partial cDNA clone (corresponding to the 3’ untranslated region), cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase-re lated, was isolated from potato sprouts by RT-PCR. Data base analysis re trieved several expressed sequence tags (ESTs) coding potato cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase, that were used to infer the complete cDNA sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed high homologies with other plant cytosolic ascorbate peroxidases, con firming the reliability of the vir tual cDNA. Northern blot analysis revealed the existence of a single band related to the isolated cDNA and the southern blotting results al lowed the elaboration of a possible gene organization.
This paper reviews plant ascorbate peroxidases (APX), an important part of the antioxidative system, maintaining the balance and uninterrupted functioning of the plant cell. The main role of APXs is to control the hydrogen peroxide concentration in cells. In reaction the enzymes use ascorbate as an electron donor. The active site is highly conserved by every member of the APX family. APXs belong to class I of the superfamily of bacterial, fungal and plant peroxidases. All the isoforms differ from each other in molecular weight, optimal pH, stability, substrate specificity, localization and level of response to specific stress conditions. It is suggested, however, that the responsible genes originated from one common gene by multiple duplication events followed by natural selection.
Eight-week-old tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Bel W3 (ozone sensitive) and Bel B (ozone resistant) cultivars were exposed to ozone for two weeks at two sites with differing tropospheric ozone levels in five independent series from May 27 to July 25, 2004. After each exposition, the degree of ozone-caused visible leaf damage and the activity of APX, GuPX, and SOD were examined. Visible leaf damage was observed only in the sensitive cultivar; the resistant one did not exhibit any external symptoms. Three-way ANOVA revealed that the activity of all enzymes varied by exposure site, series and cultivar effects. Significant correlations between GuPX activity in the two cultivars and with the degree of leaf damage to the sensitive cultivar were found. This indicates that GuPX activity in the sensitive as well as in the resistant cultivars track changes in tropospheric ozone levels. The positive correlation between ozone level and APX activity in the resistant cv. Bel B, which did not reveal visible symptoms, indicates that this enzyme may contribute to detoxication of H2O2 and alleviation of oxidative damage caused by O3
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