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Recent studies revealed that reactive oxygen species, antioxidants and related redox signals are key elements in the regulation of plant defense responses, including the synthesis of secondary metabolites. In this work the potential of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) cell suspensions to produce cynarin was studied in relation to the antioxidant profile of the cultures. There were determined the total antioxidant capacity and concentrations of H₂O₂, ascorbate and total phenolics, as well as activities of ascorbate and guaiacol peroxidases, ascorbate oxidase and catalase at different stages of the culture growth cycle in relation to the production of cynarin. Suspension cultures revealed a growth-linked capacity to produce cynarin as identified by qualitative HPLC analysis. The cynarin accumulation kinetics during the exponential phase of growth correlated with the total antioxidant capacity of water-soluble antioxidants whereas the profiles of total phenols and total antioxidant capacity of water-insoluble antioxidants differed. The lowest ascorbate-related antioxidant capacity coincided with the maximum cynarin accumulation in the early stationary phase. The regulation of growth-related prooxidant/antioxidant balance in the artichoke suspension cultures involved the peroxidase/phenolics/ascorbate system scavenging H₂O₂, further affected by ascorbate- and H₂O₂-metabolizing enzymes. These results may be of interest in biotechnological strategies aimed at optimizing the production of secondary metabolites in plant cultures in vitro.
The influence of vegetation period length of cardoon plants (Cynara cardunculus L.) on herb yield and its pharmacological value conditioned by chemical contents in air dried herb was examined in the research. The research conducted in the years 2009–2011 included valuation of total phenolic acids as equivalent to caffeic acid, flavonoids and tannins content in plants during their vegetative growth. The effect of the vegetation period length on cardoon plants yield was observed. The content of polyphenolic acids (caffeic, chlorogenic and cynarine) was marked with a performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).The contents of biologically active compounds depended on plants age – the most phenolic acids were noted in herb harvested from plants 120-days and 150-days old (1.86–2.58%). Herb obtained from plants of different age contained from 0.38 to 0.43% flavonoids. More tannins were accumulated in young cardoon plants after 90–120 days of cultivation (3.72–3.43%) in comparison to plants 150-days old (3.25%). The content of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and cynarin in cardoon herb depended on length of vegetation period of plants. The content of phenolic acids in leaves increased with time. Values of correlation coefficients indicate significant correlation of total phenolic acids and tannins content in cardoon herb. The higher content of total phenolic acids the lower content of tannins (R = -0.88). Strong correlation was noted between the content of total phenolic acids and the content of chlorogenic acid (R = 0.67) and caffeic acid (R = 0.78). On the basis of the results of the presented work it could be stated that cardoon leaves are a valuable material for herb industry.
A diversity of active substances that are in the artichoke plants includes it into the group of medicinal plants of broad-spectrum performance. The research conducted in the years 2006–2008 included valuation of poliphenolic compounds content in different parts of artichoke plants during vegetative and generative growth (roots, petioles, leaves, immature and flower at beginning of flowering). The total content of poliphenolic compounds in the reduction on caffeic acid was marked in dried herb with the spectrophotometrical method with the Arnova reagent. The content of poliphenolic acids (caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic and cynarine) was marked with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The undertaken studies show that there are significant differences with respect to the content of poliphenolic compounds in different parts of artichoke plants. Definitely more total phenolic acids were accumulated in leaves during the vegetative growth (3.167% on average) and in young, immature buds during generative growth (3.730% on average). The chlorogenic acid and cynarine were the main compounds among poliphenolic acids. The content of poliphenolic acids was decreasing with age of plants as young immature artichoke buds had more chlorogenic acid and cynarine than mature heads at the beginning of flowering. The content of caffeic and ferulic acids in the artichoke herb depended on the growth phase of plants. Plants accumulated more caffeic acid in leaves during vegetative growth and ferulic acid in buds during generative growth.
The yield of an artichoke herb depended on number of harvests undertaken. Definitely higher yield of an air-dried herb was obtained from twofold (0.74 kgm2) and threefold (0.65 kg m 2) harvest in comparison to single one (0.46 kg m 2). The content of polypheno­ls acids in herb obtained from threefold harvest (in 1st decade of August, September and October) and from the twofold harvest (in 1st decade of September and October) was over 50% higher than that from the single harvest (1st decade of October). Content of flavonoids, depending on number of harvest, varied from 0.23% to 0.36% in the artichoke herb.
Globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is a Mediterranean perennial plant, which comes from Asteraceae family. Studies concerned adaptation of globe artichoke genotypes for the culture under various climate conditions resulted in considerable expansion of its cultivation range. Cynara scolymus L. hybrid cultivars bred in the last 30 years allow to reach high and homogenous yield. In presented research the usefulness of some Spanish and Dutch globe artichoke hybrid cultivars (A-106 F₁, A-109 F₁, Concerto F₁, Madrigal F₁ was analysed. All the tested cultivars were highly homogenous in respect of flower bud shape and colour as well as the harvesting time. A-109 F₁ plants reached generative stage the earliest (the first harvest after 70 days since planting), while Concerto F₁ yielded as the latest (the first harvest after 90 days since planting). The average number of capitulum per plant was 6.25. Concerto F₁ plants had the highest weight of main bud - 458 g. The biggest diameter of leaf rosette was noted for Madrigal F₁ plants (167 cm) and the highest flowering stems were observed for A-109 F₁ cultivar (87 cm). The results of the research carried out in 2005 proved that all the tested Cynara scolymus L. hybrid forms are very useful for cultivation in Poland due to acceptable yield structure and wide colour range of flower buds.
Karczoch to śródziemnomorskie warzywo zyskujące coraz większe zainteresowanie w krajach o klimacie umiarkowanym, ze względu na niepowtarzalne walory smakowe i nutraceutyczne. Pozwala na to powstała w niedawnych czasach duża różnorodność odmian przeznaczonych do uprawy z nasion. Celem pracy było określenie wczesności odmian oraz cech pąków i pokroju roślin. Materiał do badań stanowiły cztery odmiany ustalone (Emerald, Imperial Star, Northern Star i Purple Romagna). Doświadczenie przeprowadzono w warunkach polowych w latach 2006-2008 w miejscowości Lucim (północno-zachodnia część województwa kujawsko-pomorskiego). Badano następujące cechy: termin pojawienia się pąka kwiatostanowego w rozecie, wysokość pędu kwiatostanowego do szczytu pąka głównego, długość liści rozety po zbiorze pąka głównego oraz masa, średnica i długość pąków: głównych, pachwinowych, I-, II- i III-rzędu. Zbiór pierwszych pąków kwiatostanowych przeprowadzano najwcześniej u odmian Emerald i Imperial Star (średnio po 71 dniach od wysadzenia roślin na miejsce stałe), a najpóźniej u odmiany Purple Romagna (średnio po 107 dniach). Późne wchodzenie w fazę generatywną odmiany Purple Romagna uniemożliwiało zbiór wszystkich pąków z roślin w każdym roku. Korzystny przebieg pogody w okresie maj - lipiec 2007 roku spowodował wykształcanie dłuższych liści, wyższych pędów kwiatostanowych i większych pąków głównych u wszystkich odmian. Najlepsze rezultaty ze względu na masę pąków otrzymano dla odmian Emerald i Imperial Star - od 183 g do 48 g, zależnie od kategorii na kwiatostanie. Największą zmiennością charakteryzowały się pąki III-rzędowe, które dla masy u odmian Imperial Star i Northern Star osiągnęły współczynnik równy 91 i 92%. Wszystkie badane odmiany tworzyły zadowalającą liczbę pąków o dobrej jakości handlowej (średnica pąka większa od 6,0 cm). Pąki główne i większość pąków I-rzędowych przekraczała masę 100 g, która decyduje o najlepszej przydatności na rynek świeżych warzyw i do przetwórstwa.
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