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The accumulation of elements in biocenoses of aquatic ecosystems depends primarily on the forms of elements in the environment. The bioaccumulation coefficient (BC) is a measure of the intensity of an elements uptake of trace by living organisms. Manganese is an essential element for both plant and animal organisms. However, its excess may cause a toxic effect, i.e. it disturbs the activity of synapses, thus leading to an impaired functioning of the central nervous system. This study focused on the accumulation of manganese in individual links of an aquatic ecosystem food chain under conditions of extensive carp farming. The BC values were computed and the pollution degree of the fish pond was estimated. The investigations were conducted in a fish pond situated in Mydlniki and fed with water from the Rudawa River. Water, bottom sediment, benthic organisms (Diptera Chironomidae larvae) and carps were sampled from the pond. Organs most strongly involved in the metal metabolism (gills, gonads, liver and muscles) were prepared from sampled carps. Manganese concentrations were determined in all samples using atomic emission spectroscopy after wet mineralization of samples in a closed system in a microwave mineralizer. The concentrations of manganese in the abiotic elements of pond ecosystems were low and should not pose any threat of its excessive accumulation in living organisms. However, the manganese concentrations in the benthic organisms and in the analyzed carp organs were high. Similarly, other authors found high manganese concentration in fish living in the environments polluted with this element. The value of manganese enrichment coefficient for the bottom sediments in relation to its water concentration was high. The biggest manganese content was assessed in gills, then in the liver and gonads, and the smallest one - in carp muscles. Manganese BCs in the gills of carps in relation to its content in water and bottom sediments were 176.6 and 0.08, respectively. The BC values in relation to the manganese concentration in water were much higher, but lower in comparison to its content in bottom sediments than reported elsewhere. This confirms that the BC for manganese in gills varies depending on the water pollution level.
Water pollution is a matter of great concern in lentic and lotic ecosystems. Generally water pollutants like heavy metals, organic compounds, etc. generate from industries and domestic activities. All of these pose serious threat to the fish population in freshwater as well as marine water bodies. An impact caused by water pollutants especially genotoxins depend not only upon its concentration, but also on the duration (acute and chronic exposure) and showed individual and/or combination of pollutants or genotoxins. Genotoxicity of fish with special reference to micronucleus induction in the erythrocytes of fish is an easy screening of water pollution. The present review deals with past and present research works of major water pollutants discharge and their impact on several fish species from available literatures.
The Słupia River in the urbanized section within the limits of Słupsk was investigated in terms of lamprey fish presence. Among 25 studied sampling sites only 5 were inhabited by the discussed species in autumn and 4 in summer, all in the very center of the city. The investigated lamprey fish representatives preferred slightly transformed sites with considerable water oxygenation and fast water flow. No L. planeri representatives were noticed up the Szczecin-Gdańsk bridge, therefore its frequency reached 16% in summer and 20% in autumn. During the summer study 5 representa-tives of the brook lamprey were noticed, while in autumn 10, with no distinct sexual features but with developed suckers and fins, which indicated the metamorphosis starting in summer and last-ing until the next year spring spawning. The caught brook lampreys were between 130 and 176 mm long and weighed from 0.9 to 14.7 g. Average length and biomass were higher in autumn and reached consequently 156 mm and 6.3 g comparing to 142 mm and 1.2 g in spring.
Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) is often difficult to restore due to their low seedling survival rates. Therefore, we hypothesized that the elodeid macrophytes serve as effective “nursery” areas to promote success for seedlings of other SAV. However, the high density of the elodeid community may inhibit the establishment of other SAV. An experiment was conducted to explore this “nursery effect” as a restoration approach to increase the success of seed restoration. Two elodeid species were pre-planted into mesocosms to create three levels of “nursery beds” i.e., bare, sparse (approx. 100 g m⁻²) and dense (approx. 200 g m⁻²). Seeds of Vallisneria spiralis were then placed into these beds to test the seed germination and growth of V. spiralis seedlings. After three months, seed germination was lower in the bare treatment than in the sparse and dense treatments. The growth of V. spiralis seedlings was greater in the sparse treatment than in the bare and dense treatments. These results revealed that the established elodeid bed had a positive effect on the seed restoration of V. spiralis but that the restoration efficiency was significantly reduced by the high-density cover of the elodeid community.
The physicochemical and epipelic algal analyses in the catchment of lower Bonny river, Nigeria, was carried out between September 1998 and February 1999. A total of 51 species were observed of which Bacillariophyceae had 28 species followed by Cyanophyceae (19 species), Chlorophyceae (2 species), and Euglenophyceae (2 species), respectively. The epipelic algal abundance ranged from 3.2 ± 0.8 × 108 indiv, cm⁻² to 6.3 ± 0.6 × 108 indiv, cm⁻² in wet season and 3.9 ± 0.3 × 108 indiv, cm⁻² to 6.9 ± 0.6 × 108 indiv. cm⁻² in dry season. In addition, chlorophyll a values range from 0.85 ± 0.15 to 2.61 ± 0.42 mg cm⁻² m wet season and 1.02 ± 0.12 to 4.45 ± 0.88 mg cm⁻² in dry seasons, respectively. This range of variation was relatively narrow and the whole community seems to be persistent and stable during wet and dry seasons.
The task of optimal management of the dam reservoir ecosystem was formulated in a very abstract and general way. To solve this problem, on the simplified example of such an ecosystem, method of fuzzy logic was employed. Various scenarios of ecosystem management of dam reservoir has been investigated. Water level changes, inflow of waste waters and fish culturing were taken into consideration. It was shown that for practical management of dam reservoir it is necessary to construct a complex model of such an ecosystem.
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