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The rationale for a pronucleotide approach based on the use of phosphotriesters which incorporate enzyme-mediated bio-labile protection is discussed in detail. Among the studied bio-labile phosphate protecting groups, the S-acyl-2-thioethyl (SATF.) groups appeared the most promising as exemplified in cell culture systems in the case of the pronucleotides of 3'-a7.ido-3'-deoxythymidine, 2',3'-didehydro- -3-deoxythymidine, 2'„3-dideoxyadenosine and acyclovir. 7m vivo implementations of such bis(SATE) pronucleotides have been planned for future animal studies.
The cytotoxic activity of petroleum ether extract of the leaves of Cassia roxburghii Linn. against HCT-116 and MCF-7 cell lines resulted with IC50=34.9 and 38.04 μg/ml, respectively, while against HepG-2 showed no activity. A bioassay guided-fractionation approach was conducted to isolate and identify the active cytotoxic principles. Further chromatographic separation and purification of the petroleum ether extract resulted in the isolation of two anthraquinones identified as aloe-emodin acetate and aloe-emodin, along with stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and palmitic acid. The structure elucidation of isolated compounds was performend using 1D, 2D-NMR and HR-MS. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of aloe-emodin acetate and aloe-emodin were evaluated and resulted with IC50=153.30 and 70.02 μg/ml against HCT-116 and with 93.20 and 53.20 μg/ml against MCF-7, respectively, while against HepG-2 showed no activity. Moreover, the antiviral activity of the two isolated anthraquinones was tested against influenza virus-A, and resulted with IC50=10.23 as well as 2.00 and with CC50=1.32 and 0.47 μg/ml, respectively.
Introduction: For centuries, mosses have been used in traditional medicine due to their antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities. Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts obtained from 12 moss species: Brachythecium albicans, Bryum argenteum, Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranum scoparium, Dryptodon pulvinatus, Orthotrichum anomalum, Oxyrrhynchium hians, Plagiomnium undulatum, Polytrichum juniperinum, P. piliferum, Schistidium crassipilum, and Syntrichia ruralis. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of extracts was investigated against three Gram(+) bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes) and two Gram(-) bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae), using the agar disc-diffusion method. Results: The high activity against all investigated bacteria was determined for extracts of D. pulvinatus, P. undulatum, B. argenteum, S. crassipilum, O. anomalum (mean inhibition zone: 11.3–13.1 mm) and to a lesser extent in the case of D. scoparium (8.3 mm). Extracts from P. juniperinum and P. piliferum showed activity only against Gram-positive bacteria, with an inhibition zone from 7.3 to 9.7 mm. Four species: B. albicans, C. purpureus, O. hians, and S. ruralis had not antibacterial properties. Conclusions: The obtained results indicate that mosses could be a significant source of antibacterial agents. For the first time, we presented antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts from S. crassipilum and O. anomalum.
Propolis is produced by bees; it is a viscous, resinous substance mainly derived from trees, shrubs, and flower buds, enriched in wax, essential oils, pollen, and bee saliva. The composition of propolis varies widely depending on the region of origin and vegetation that occurs in the area, the climate, and the season in which it is produced. So far, more than 400 substances have been identified in propolis and among them are phenols, flavonoids, phenolic acids and their esters and flavones. Propolis is divided into several types; the most common types are poplar, European, Brazilian, and pacific propolis. Antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral effects of propolis have been demonstrated. Propolis inhibits Gram-positive bacteria and, to a lesser extent, Gram-negative bacteria. Propolis also inhibits the growth of mold (Aspergillus and Penicillium) and yeast (Candida). The antiviral activity of propolis against poliovirus, influenza A and B viruses, reoviruses, and HIV has been demonstrated.
The crystal structure of the acyclonucleoside, 9-[4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)- butyljguanine (2HM-HBG), has been compared with related acyclonucleosides, and that of the acyclonucleotide, 9-1(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine-3',5'-cyclic phosphate (DlIPG-cMP), also with its parent second messenger cGMP and cyclic monophosphate nucleotides. There is considerable conformational flexibility in the acyclic chain of these compounds with several conformations coexisting in the solid state. This flexibility together with the narrow range of the glycosidic torsion angles (from 69° to 94°, with an average of 83(3)° for 11 molecules when the aglycon is guanine, and from 92° to 108° with an average of 103(3)° for 4 molecules when the aglycon is adenine) may be essential for the antiviral activity of these compounds and their ability to act as substrates. The mechanism of antiviral activity of, 9-1(1,3-dihydro- xy-2-propoxy)methyllguanine-3',5'-cyclic phosphate is different from that of the acyclonucleosides, and is discussed in the light of it being a close structural analogue to the second messenger cGMP.
A new 4D-QSAR approach has been considered. For all investigated molecules the 3D structural models have been created and the set of conformers (fourth dimension) have been used. Each conformer is represented as a system of different simplexes (tetratomic fragments of fixed structure, chirality and symmetry). The investigation of influence of molecular structure of macrocyclic pyridino- phanes, their analogues and certain other compounds on anticancer and antiviral (anti-influenza, antiherpes and antiadenovirus) activity has been carried out by means of the 4D-QSAR. Statistic characteristics for QSAR of PLS (partial least squares) models are satisfactory (R = 0.92-0.97; CVR = 0.63-0.83).
Dynamin - a member of the GTP-ase protein family - is essential for many intracellular membrane trafficking events in multiple endocytic processes. The unique biochemical features of dynamin - especially its propensity to assemble - enable severing the nascent vesicles from the membrane. The mechanism of dynamin’s action is still a subject of debate - whether it functions as a mechanochemical enzyme or a regulatory GTPase. The GTPase domain of dynamin contains three GTP-binding motifs. This domain is very conservative across the species, including that recently cloned by us in the unicellular eukaryote Paramecium. Dynamin interacts with a number of partners such as endophilin and proteins involved in coordination of endocytosis with motor molecules. A growing body of evidence indicates that dynamin and dynamin-related proteins are involved both in pathology and protection against human diseases. The most interesting are dynamin-like Mx proteins exhibiting antiviral activity.
Several N4-derivatives of 6-azacytidine were synthesized using of Vorbrueggen's condensation method. Their antiviral activity with respect to the adenovirus serotypes 2 and 5 in Hep-2 cells culture was studied and primary specific activity was determined. Correlation between chemical structure of new 6-azacytidine derivatives and their biological properties is discussed.
Tricyclic nucleosides incorporating the 9-oxo-imidazo[l,2-a]purine (l,N2-ethenoguanine) system, natural prototypes of which occur in tRNA Phe as nucleosides of the wyosine series, were used for synthetic, structural and biological purposes. l,.N2-(Prop-l-ene-l,2-diyl)guanosine derivatives used as intermediates allowed to enforce on guanosine the substitution at the N-3 position and at the N2 exo-amino group, not possible to be performed directly. Wyosine and 2'-deoxywyosine together with 4,5'-anhydro-4-desmethylwyosine and its congeners were used as, respectively, 100% anti and 100% syn conformation standards in a new graphical method for the syn-anti conformational analysis of nucleosides by 1D 1H NOE difference spectroscopy. Substitution at the appended third ring allowed to modify the biological and physical properties of antiviral agents acyclovir and ganciclovir, e.g. to develop their fluorescent analogues.
Copolymers of N-polyvinylpyrrolidone-acrylic acid (AB-1) and adamantane derivatives are known to possess marked antiviral activity in in vitro and in ovo models. Among the constructed preparations of AB-1 modified by adamantane derivatives some, especially AB-4 (modified by deitiforin), were found to show more extended antiviral activity and to inhibit markedly virus reproduction in susceptible permissive cell cultures and chicken embryos. In AB-4 treated cells and allantoic sacs, virus titers (influenza virus, herpes vi­rus, and HIV) and virus antigen concentration were decreased. On the other hand, herpes virus-specific thymidine kinase and of DNA-polymerases isolated from Escherichia coli, Plectonema boryanum, and herpes virus type 1 infected murine brain tissue retained their activity after incubation with AB-4 or AB-2. The compounds investigated, in view of their effect on virus reproduction, are thought to be prospective as antiviral agents.
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