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Myotis nattereri born and reared by their mothers in a flight room had a mean birth body mass of 3.4 g and forearm length of 17.00 mm. Infants opened their eyes at 6 days old, and they were no longer always found roosting attached to their mothers after this age. They were fully furred at 7-8 days and began to flap their wings at days. Growth was initially rapid and linear until 20 days of age and then slowed. At 58-60 days, mean body mass was 8.8 g (89% of adult mass) and mean forearm length was 40.55 mm (98% of adult length). Juveniles began to fly at 20 days, at which age their forearm length was 93.4% of mean adult value. Forearm data were best fitted by the logistic growth model (k = 0.18; asymptotic length = 40.79 mm for males) and body mass data by the von Bertalanffy equation (k = 0.10; asymptotic mass = 8.42 g for males). Pre-flight growth and development rates were similar to those in other British vespertilionid bats, but M. nattereri showed very rapid development of foraging ability after they began to fly. Mothers suckled only their own infants and transported flightless young between roost boxes, on average every 5.3 days.
We analyzed the effect of nest temperatures, fledging date, age at fledging, fledgling mass and size on post- fledging survival of Great Tits Parus major in eastern Spain. We manipulated temperature during nestling development in 26 nests (average temperature was 39.8, 34.6 and 26.4 °C for heated, control and cooled nest-boxes, respectively), and used radio-telemetry to monitor the survival of 48 nestlings (16 heated, 18 cooled, 14 controls) during the first 15 days after fledging. Heated chicks were lighter than control and cooled chicks. Estimated survival of heated fledglings was lower than that of controls. Additionally, survival of control fledglings increased with size, but this relationship was reversed for heated fledglings. Our results suggest that high temperatures experienced in the nest could have negative consequences on immediate post-fledging survival, and that smaller nestlings may deal more effectively with temperatures surpassing their optimal thermal range.
Mammalian development is a process, whereby cells from a totipotent zygote gradually lose their potency, i.e. their ability to differentiate, in the environment of the developing embryo. An ideal model for testing the real potential of cells is the experimental production of chimaeras. The first experimentally produced mammalian (murine) chimaeras were created by Tarkowski [1961] and since then many new methods of chimaera production have been developed, including injecting cells into the blastocyst’s cavity or into cleaving embryos. This review describes how different cell types, depending on the developmental stage or culture conditions, manifest their potential to contribute to chimaeras. Cell developmental potential has been analysed in pluripotent blastomeres, which can contribute to all embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages, albeit differently depending on their developmental stage. This is the case in blastocyst lineages, with various developmental potentials depending on the surrounding cells, and in more differentiated cells from different stages of pregnancy, which in some cases may colonise chimaeric animal tissue. Cell potential has also been analysed in embryonic stem and embryonal carcinoma cells, which are pluripotent and efficiently contribute to chimaeras; in multipotent fetal and adult stem cells, which can also participate in chimaera formation; and in somatic mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), which can also be reprogrammed in the environment of the cleaving embryo. Interspecies chimaera studies have also demonstrated the pluripotency of foreign cells. Experiments with chimaeras have shown that not only pluripotent embryonic cells are capable of contributing to chimaeras, so are adult cells, which plasticity is now well-documented.
The aim of ichthyofauna studies conducted in Lake Smolak (northern Poland) in the 2002-2004 period was to evaluate species richness, growth rate, and fish assemblage structure in light of environmental conditions. This initially dystrophic lake, which, in the 1950s, was inhabited by only two fish species – perch, Perca fluviatilis L., and pike, Esox lucius L., was subjected to experimental liming and fertilization (to stimulate eutrophication) and stocking in the 1971-1974 period. Currently, the ichthyofauna of the lake is comprised of ten species belonging to four families. The density of the fish in this lake is not high; the most numerous are roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.) and bream, Abramis brama (L.). Roach was characterized by a rapid growth rate, but that of bream was very slow. The environmental parameters of the lake undoubtedly have a negative impact on the ichthyofauna, especially the gradients of and seasonal variation in the physical and chemical parameters of the water as well as the absence of submerged hydrophytes and the limited occurrence of helophytes.
Problems of bionomics and ecology, reproductive territorialism an the maturation-related territorialism in imagines in habitats remote from water reservoirs in the damselflies (Zygoptera) and dragonflies (Anisoptera) are discussed.
The maturation, growth and reproduction of Alinda biplicata in the laboratory were studied over a five-year period. The snails were kept in pairs and groups of a few individuals. The initial material came from two populations from SW. Poland. The snails reproduced during the whole year, more intensively in the spring and autumn. We confirmed the ovoviviparity of A. biplicata: the whole embrynic development takes place in eggs retained in the parent's uterus. The snails gave birth to juveniles (no egg-laying was observed), and the uteri of dissected individuals contained from 3 to 15 eggs. The number of juveniles per litter was 1 to 8. The snails produced 3 to 20 juveniles in 2-9 batches per year. The neonate shells had 2.1-2.9 whorls and height of 1-1.6 mm. Growth to adulthood lasted 20 to 56 weeks and the time increased with increasing density of snails. The snails became sexually mature 5-6 months after completeion of shell growth and formation of the closing apparatus. The juvenile mortality ranged from 16.7% to 60.6% and increased with density. The life span in the laboratory was 220 to 295 weeks (4 to 6 years). These results are compared with those for other species; A. biplicata resembles other large ovoviviparous Clausiliidae species.
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