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Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative spiral-shaped bacterium, member of ε-Proteobacteria specifically colonizing the gastric epithelium of humans. It causes one of the most common infections worldwide, affecting about half of the world’s population. However, it should be noted that the prevalence of H. pylori, particularly in the Western world, has significantly decreased coinciding with an increase of some autoimmune and allergic diseases, such as asthma. Various epidemiological studies have also documented a negative association between H. pylori colonization and the presence of GERD (gastroesophageal re/ux disease) and risk of esophageal cancer. Additionally, an upward trend of obesity recently observed in inhabitants of developed countries raised a question about the relationship between H. pylori infection and the human body mass index. The first part of this review describes common, recommended anti-H. pylori treatments. The second part, presents the results of recent experiments aimed at evaluating the association between H. pylori infections and gastro-esophageal diseases, the level of stomach hormones, the human body mass index and allergic diseases. Although some studies suggest an inverse association of H. pylori infection with some health problems of the modern world such as asthma, obesity or GERD, H. pylori should be considered as a harmful human pathogen responsible for serious and sometimes lethal diseases. Thus, many scientists advocate the eradication of H. pylori.
Allergic diseases are categorized as civilization diseases. The highest rise of sick count is reported in highly developed countries. The course of these illnesses is very long and require long-term therapy, and a high level of patients dedication. They pose a great threat of medical and social nature. The aim of the study was to determine how allergic diseases influence the quality of life of the patients. The study was carried out amongst 110 people with allergy-based diseases. The tool used was the standard interview questionnaire. Amongst the group, 58.2% were women, and 64.5% lived in a city, in 57.3% of the cases allergy has occurred after reaching the age of 18. 59.1% required constant therapy. Because of the disease 35.5% of patients had to change the family's diet. 27.3% had to remove all animals, 15.5% had to remove house plants, 57.7% changed the way of doing laundry and cleaning. Because of the disease, 33.6% had to limit contact with other people.
An aeropalynological study was carried out in the atmosphere of Estepona, a very popular tourist resort situated in the “Costa del Sol”, (southern Spain) based on the data obtained during a three year air-monitoring programme (March 1995 to March 1998) using a volumetric pollen trap. The 34 taxa that reached a 10-day mean air pollen concentration equal to or greater than 1 grain of pollen/m3 of air are reflected in the calendar. The first 10 taxa, in order of abundance, were: Cupressaceae, Olea europaea, Quercus, Poaceae, Urticaceae, Plantago, Pinus, Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae, Ericaceae and Castanea, the first 3 of which accounted for approximately 56% of the annual total pollen count. The greatest diversity of pollen type occurred during spring, while the highest pollen concentrations were reached from February-June, when approximately more than 80% of the annual total pollen was registered. The lowest concentrations were obtaining during January, August and September. The annual quantity of pollen collected, the intensity and the dates on which the maximum peaks were recorded differed for the 3 years studied, which can be explained by reference to various meteorological parameters, especially rainfall and temperature. The pollen calendar spectrum is typically Mediterranean and similar to those of nearby localities, in which many pollen types are represented and the long tails indicating long flowering periods.
Neighbours of intensive livestock production facilities frequently complain of odour annoyance. They are also concerned about potential negative health effects of environmental exposures to livestock emissions. Quality of life (QoL) was assessed in residents of a rural community neighbouring an area with high concentration of animal farms. A postal cross-sectional survey was carried out among the 4,537 residents, aged 18-44 years. Of these, 3,112 (69%) responded to questions on annoyance by livestock odours (4-point scale), on QoL (assessed by the short form 12, SF-12), and on potential confounders (age, gender, respiratory symptoms, smoking, living on or close to a farm, and employment status). SF-12 scores were available for 2745 (88%) subjects. Sixty-one percent of the respondents complained about unpleasant odours, 91% of these accused livestock as source of these odours. Physical and emotional SF-12 scores were inversely related to annoyance scores. Better risk communication might improve QoL in concerned neighbours of intensive livestock production facilities.
Textile floor coverings (TFC), an important element of equipment in homes and public buildings, are regarded as a settlement of house dust mites, and thus the cause of mite-induced allergy. It is believed that TFC should be removed from premises used by persons with a diagnosed allergy to house dust mites. On the other hand, TFC removal is associated with an increased air concentration of dust particles and dust-containing allergens. It is feasible to equip TFC with properties that can prevent the settlement and development of dust mites. The aim of this study was to evaluate TFC properties designed to protect against dust mite generation. The culture of Dermatophagoides farinae was used to test the efficacy of the direct anti-mite action. TFC acquired anti-dust mite properties through the addition of biologically active agents to the coated backing and mounting the same acaricides and anti-adhesive fluorocarbon dispersion on pile fibers. The results of our studies show that modified TFCs are characterized by anti-dust mite properties that protect against Dermatophagoides farinae.
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Nitric oxide and superoxide in inflammation and immune regulation

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Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species exert multiple modulating effects on inflammation and play a key role in the regulation of immune responses. They affect virtually every step of the development of inflammation. Low concentrations of nitric oxide produced by constitutive and neuronal nitric oxide synthases inhibit adhesion molecule expression, cytokine and chemokine synthesis and leukocyte adhesion and transmigration. Large amounts of NO, generated primarily by iNOS can be toxic and pro-inflammatory. Actions of nitric oxide are however not dependent primarily on the enzymatic source, but rather on the cellular context, NO concentration (dependent on the distance from NO source) and initial priming of immune cells. These observations may explain difficulties in determining the exact role of NO in Th1 and Th2 lymphocyte balance in normal immune responses and in allergic disease. Similarly superoxide anion produced by NAD(P)H oxidases present in all cell types participating in inflammation (leukocytes, endothelial and other vascular cells etc) may lead to toxic effects, when produced at high levels during oxidative burst, but may also modulate inflammation in a far more discrete way, when continuously produced at low levels by NOXs (non-phagocytic oxidases). The effects of both nitric oxide and superoxide in immune regulation are exerted through multiple mechanisms, which include interaction with cell signalling systems like cGMP, cAMP, G-protein, JAK/STAT or MAPK dependent signal transduction pathways. They may also lead to modification of transcription factors activity and in this way modulate the expression of multiple other mediators of inflammation. Moreover genetic polymorphisms exist within genes encoding enzymes producing both NO and superoxide. The potential role of these polymorphisms in inflammation and susceptibility to infection is discussed. Along with studies showing increasing role of NO and free radicals in mediating inflammatory responses drugs which interfere with these systems are being introduced in the treatment of inflammation. These include statins, angiotensin receptor blockers, NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors, NO-aspirin and others. In conclusion in this mini-review we discuss the mechanisms of nitric oxide and superoxide dependent modulation of inflammatory reactions in experimental animals and humans. We also discuss potential roles of nitric oxide as a mediator of allergic inflammation.
Background. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammation of the skin recognised to be one of the first clinical signs of allergy. In the first years of life, epidemiological evidence has demonstrated that common causative foods of a child’s diet are: cow’s milk, hen’s eggs, wheat and soya. Children with AD being treated with elimination diets are at risk of nutritional deficiencies that include those nutrients required for ensuring proper skin structure and function. Objective. The aim of the study was to assess dietary intake of nutrients which affect skin condition in children with AD being treated with a milk-free diet. Materials and Methods. Subjects were 25 children aged 4-6 years with AD undergoing the milk exclusion diet and 25 age-matched healthy controls. The energy and nutritional value of diets were evaluated that included those components affecting skin condition; ie. vitamins A, D, E, B2 and C; minerals iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn); polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The Dieta 5.0 programme was used for dietary assessment and outcomes were then related to dietary recommendations. Results. There were no significant differences between groups in mean energy values and mean intakes of protein, fats and carbohydrates (p>0.05). The percentage of subjects with low energy value were 44% and 36% in respectively Groups I and II. Deficiencies of fat intake were observed in 60% in Group I and 44% in Group II. There were however no risks in the dietary intakes of protein, carbohydrate, vitamins A, B2 and C nor of Fe and Zn. Deficiencies of dietary intakes were observed in respectively Groups I and II in the following; vitamin E (24% vs 64%), vitamin D (36% vs 92%), linoleic acid (36% vs 72%), α-linolenic acid (36% vs 40%) and long chain PUFAs (96% in both groups). Conclusions. Ensuring recommended dietary supply of those nutrients affecting skin condition is required for both groups of children. Children with AD had better balanced diets in respect of the studied nutrients that may reflect the influence of continuous healthcare received from physicians and dieticians.
The presence of common epitopes among tropomyosins of invertebrates, including arthropods, e.g. edible ones, may help to explain the molecular basis of cross-reactivity between allergens. The work presented is the fi rst survey concerning global distribution of epitopes from Pen a 1.0102 in universal proteome. In the group of known tropomyosin epitopes, the fragment with the sequence ESKIVELEEEL was found in the sequence of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) tropomyosin. To date, this is the fi rst result suggesting the presence of a complete sequential epitope interacting with IgE in vertebrate tropomyosin. Another fragment with the sequence VAALNRRIQL, a major part of the epitope, was found in 11 fi sh, 8 amphibians, 3 birds, 19 mammalians and 4 human tropomyosin sequences. Identical epitopes are common in sequences of invertebrate tropomyosins, including food and non-food allergens annotated in the Allergome database. The rare pentapeptide with the DEERM sequence occurs in proteins not sharing homology with tropomyosins. Pathogenic microorganisms are the most abundant category of organisms synthesizing such proteins.
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