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This study focused on site-specific preferences of potentially harmful cyanobacterium Gloeotrichia echinulata to occur in lakes with different ecological and trophic conditions. Its pelagic growth was studied in six lakes from June to September in 1986-1988, 2000-2001 and 2009. In total, 78 samples were taken from the epilimnion (stratified lakes) or the whole water column (non-stratified lakes). Analyses of phytoplankton and environmental variables were performed according to standard methods. During summer, a distinct maximum of the Gloeotrichia growth was observed in July or August (the warmest period). Bloom events of G. echinulata occurred in lakes where the light and oxygen conditions were significantly inferior while the phosphorus content remained on a slightly elevated level. The distinct domination of this cyanobacterium (above 40% of the total phytoplankton biomass) was limited to lakes with a high, moderate or even poor ecological status, and to the meso-eutrophic or eutrophic state of lakes. However, G. echinulata occurred in a broader range of ecological and trophic conditions of lakes. The historical approach to mass occurrence of G. echinulata, with its possible contribution to phosphorus translocation from sediment to the pelagic zone, suggested its importance as an indicator of progressive ecological and trophic deterioration of lakes. This indication should be very useful for establishment of main targets in water management.
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Phenol and chlorophenols are long-lived pollutants frequently found in industrial effluents. Phenols are widely used for the commercial production of a wide variety of resins including phenolic resins, epoxy resins and adhesives, and polyamide for various applications. Adsorption process has been proven one of the best water treatment technologies around the world and the removal of diverse types of pollutants from water. However, widespread use of commercial adsorbent is sometimes restricted due to its higher costs. Attempts have been made to develop inexpensive adsorbents utilizing for the reduction of phenol from water. Four types of adsorbent clay, algae, moringa oleifera and rice husk has been used. Among all rice husk shown 97 % of phenol adsorption at 1mm particle size, pH 4, 3 g/l dosing and 150min contact time.
Providing the optimal temperature is a means of increasing the effectiveness of methane fermentation processes. The use of an electromagnetic microwave field enables energy to be directed to a mixture of anaerobic sludge and processed biomass this reduces energy losses. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of electromagnetic microwave radiation in stimulating thermal conditions in anaerobic reactors, on the effectiveness of methane fermentation process of microalgae biomass and on the qualitative composition of biogas produced. The quantity of gaseous metabolites of anaerobic bacteria produced in both experimental variants (convective and microwave heating) averaged approximat’s 450 cm³ g⁻¹ VS. The electromagnetic microwave radiation proved to have an immediate impact on the improvement in the qualitative composition of biogas produced. The stimulation of thermal conditions using electric heaters resulted in a methane contetnt of 65% in biogas, whereas the use of microwaves assured ca. 69% in sewage gas.
The distribution and ecology of Chara braunii Gmellin 1826 in Poland is described, based on herbaria collections, literature data and own investigations. Maps showing the distribution of Ch. braunii are presented, as well as a list of localities with brief descriptions of the habitats. Additionally, some remarks on the distribution limit in the northern hemisphere are given.
Recently, algae have become significant organisms for biological purification of wastewater since they are able to accumulate plant nutrients, heavy metals, pesticides, organic and inorganic toxic substances and radioactive matters in their cells/bodies. Biological wastewater treatment systems with micro algae have particularly gained importance in last 50 years and it is now widely accepted that algal wastewater treatment systems are as effective as conventional treatment systems. These specific features have made algal wastewaters treatment systems an significant low-cost alternatives to complex expensive treatment systems particularly for purification of municipal wastewaters. By this method 70 % of biological oxygen demand, 66 % of chemical oxygen demand, 71 % total nitrogen, 67 % of phosphorus, 54 % volatile solid and 51 % of dissolved solid was reduced.
The occurrence of algae on the Sopot beach was investigated from 2004 to 2006 from the beach management point of view. Various methods were applied in an attempt to understand the mechanisms underlying the accumulation of algae on the shoreline. They included daily observations of the occurrence of macrophyta on the beach, absorption measurements of acetone extracts of the particulate matter in the seawater, the collection of macrophyta and phytoplankton samples for biomass and taxonomic identification, and determination of the degree of decomposition on the basis of chloropigment analyses. The results were related to the environmental conditions: meteorological data and the physicochemical parameters of the seawater. The biomass recorded on the beach consisted mainly of macroalgae and a small proportion of sea grass (Zostera marina). The phytoplankton biomass consisted mainly of dinoflagellates, diatoms, cyanobacteria, euglenoids and cryptophytes. The conclusions to be drawn from this work are that the occurrence of huge amounts of macrophyta amassing on the Sopot beach depends on the combined effect of high solar radiation in spring and summer, high-strength (velocity × frequency) south-westerly winds in May-September, followed by northerly winds, bringing the macrophyta from Puck Bay on to the Sopot beach. At the same time, their abundance along the beach varies according to the shape and height of the shore, the wind strength and the local wind-driven seawater currents. According to estimates, from 2.2–4.4 × 102 tons (dry weight) of macrophyta can be moved on to the Sopot beach in one hour. In October, strong southeasterly winds can also transport huge amounts of decomposing biomass onshore. The phytoplankton content in the total biomass is negligible, even though at low concentrations its biological activity may be considerable. The intensive phytoplankton blooms observed on the Sopot beach in summer are not always caused by cyanobacteria.
The physicochemical and epipelic algal analyses in the catchment of lower Bonny river, Nigeria, was carried out between September 1998 and February 1999. A total of 51 species were observed of which Bacillariophyceae had 28 species followed by Cyanophyceae (19 species), Chlorophyceae (2 species), and Euglenophyceae (2 species), respectively. The epipelic algal abundance ranged from 3.2 ± 0.8 × 108 indiv, cm⁻² to 6.3 ± 0.6 × 108 indiv, cm⁻² in wet season and 3.9 ± 0.3 × 108 indiv, cm⁻² to 6.9 ± 0.6 × 108 indiv. cm⁻² in dry season. In addition, chlorophyll a values range from 0.85 ± 0.15 to 2.61 ± 0.42 mg cm⁻² m wet season and 1.02 ± 0.12 to 4.45 ± 0.88 mg cm⁻² in dry seasons, respectively. This range of variation was relatively narrow and the whole community seems to be persistent and stable during wet and dry seasons.
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