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Examinations of the mechanical aspects of the gastrointestinal function discussed here represent the biophysical fragment of its motor activity. Their purpose is to obtain further characteristics of gastrointestinal smooth muscle layer properties and contractions and an analysis of the relationships between contraction and effect of contraction. Much effort in these studies will still be required because of the complexity of motor events and the multiplicity of the factors affecting these events. Several theoretical and practical, in vivo and in vitro methods were utilized in these investigations and the results of classical methods of gastrointestinal motility examinations have been useful in the characterization of mechanical properties of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle. The application of computer models allows for simulations of motor activity in the given conditions, for evaluation of contractile effect and for prediction of the given motor effect in the considered physiological or pathological situation. These examinations are still not developed in veterinary medicine and their greater usefulness in the veterinary clinics is mostly dependent on the progress in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal motor disturbances.
Ghrelin and motilin were compared with regards to their effects on gastrointestinal motility. The structure of their molecules is not very different and they act via similar receptors. Both induce phase three of MMC and enhance contractions during the interdigestive state. Their action can occur via central or peripheral mechanisms, mostly as neuropeptides, although direct action on smooth muscles cannot be excluded. However, the spectrum of ghrelin action is broader and also comprises the digestive period. The role of ghrelin in the gastrointestinal tract is substantial and its action seems to be physiological. Ghrelin is a new hormone-candidate in the gut.
The aim of the work was to assess the effects of MPEP - a selective mGluR5 receptor antagonist with anti-anxiety properties - on the behaviour of rats in a situation of predicted and inevitable stress. Wistar rats kept under a reversed light-dark cycle (the light phase starting at 8 pm) were subjected to a stress procedure including immobilisation for two hours a day during five subsequent days. Prior to the first stress, tests were performed to evaluate general motor activity and activity in the central field (a fear response). On subsequent days the tests were repeated immediately before immobilisation at 24-hour intervals. After the last immobilisation, all animals were moved to their original cages. After a 48-hour break, the animals were divided into two groups: a control group, which received 0.9% NaCl (1 mL/kg i.p.), and a test group, which received MPEP (10 mg/1mL/kg i.p.) Sixty minutes after injections, examinations preceding the expected stress were repeated in the control and test groups. A four-day stress significantly reduced the total number of passages between fields and the activity in the central field compared with the situation prior to stress. A 48-hour break after the last stress situation resulted in a significant increase in general locomotor activity and activity in the central field in the control group. In the MPEP group, general locomotor activity was significantly reduced compared with the control group, and there was also an increased proportion of passages in the central field by comparison with the control group and with the baseline prior to a stress situation. The results of this study indicate that MPEP - an mGluR5 receptor antagonist with anti-anxiety properties - may prevent psychomotor excitation caused by a situation of predicted stress and may have anti-stress properties.
The present study examined the participation of central µ-opioidergic receptors in the modulatory/inhibitory effect of D-Ala², N-Me-Phe⁴, Gly⁵-ol enkephalin (DAGO), a selective mu-opioid receptor agonist, on the spike burst activity of the rumen, reticulum and antrum prior to and 10 min after the intracerbroventriculary (i.c.v) - during 1 min - infusion of naloxonazine, a competitive mu-opioid receptor antagonist in sheep. DAGO was infused i.c.v. at a doses 0.02, 0.05, 0.1 and 1.0 µg × kg⁻¹, naloxonazine at doses 5 times higher. All the doses of DAGO administered i.c.v. significantly inhibited myoelectrical activity of the wall of the rumen, reticulum and abomasum. The effects of DAGO were prevented by naloxonazine previously infused at doses of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 µg × kg⁻¹ (i.e. at a doses 5 times higher in comparison to doses of DAGO). The results of this present study indicate that central µ-opioid receptors participated in the inhibitory action of a specific opioid (DAGO) on myoelectrical activity of the forestomaches and antrum in sheep. Furthermore, this result suggests that it is a specific mu-receptor stimulation, because naloxonazine, a competitive µ-receptor antagonist, prevented the modulatory action of DAGO on the reticular, ruminal and antral motility in sheep.
The present study examined the participation of central δ-opioidergic receptors in the modulatory/ inhibitory effect of [D-Pen²-D-Pen⁵-enkephalin] (DPDPE), a highly selective delta-opioid receptor agonist, on the spike burst activity of the rumen, reticulum and antrum prior to and 10 min after the i.c.v. - during 1 min - infusion of naltrindole, a competitive ä-opioid receptor antagonist in conscious sheep. DPDPE was infused i.c.v. at the doses of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg × kg⁻¹ B.W., whereas naltrindole - at doses 10 times higher. All the doses of DPDPE infused i.c.v. significantly inhibited myoelectrical activity of the wall of the rumen and reticulum. The effects of DPDPE were prevented by naltrindole previously infused at the doses of 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg × kg⁻¹ B.W. (i.e. at doses 10 times higher than those of DPDPE). The results obtained indicate that central δ-opioid receptors participated in the inhibitory action of specific opioid peptide (DPDPE) on myoelectrical activity of the forestomachs in sheep. Furthermore, these results suggest that it is a specific delta-receptor stimulation, because naltrindole, a compeptitive δ-receptor antagonist, prevented the modulatory/inhibitory action of DPDPE on the reticular and ruminal motility in sheep.
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