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The parameters of the birch pollen seasons in Cracow in 1991-2008 were analysed in relation to some meteorological elements and synoptic situations (circulation types, air masses and atmospheric fronts). Two types of the pollen seasons were distinguished – highly dense and less dense. The first type of the season started on the 15th of April (on average), lasted 11-20 days and the maximum daily concentration exceeded 500 pgm-3. The less dense type started generally earlier (the first decade of April), lasted more than 20 days and the peak days were unstable. In this type of the pollen season, two peak days were often observed. The relationship between the type of the season and the meteorological conditions before the season was pointed out. Additionally, the influence of circulation types, types of air masses and atmospheric fronts over south-eastern Poland on a given day on the number of days with a daily concentration > 80 pgm-3 was analysed. The relationship between the pollen season type and meteorological conditions before the season was found, among others, the influence of types of synoptic situations and air masses on the number of days with a concentration of over 80 pgm-3 was established.
The article deals with the main pollen spectrum in relation to patients’ sensitivity determined in the ambient air of Vinnitsa city located in central Ukraine. The study performed by gravimetric sampling in the years 1999–2000 and by volumetric sampling in the years 2009–2014 showed that Urtica, Betula, Pinus, Alnus, Fraxinus, Ambrosia, Artemisia, Juglans, Carpinus, Populus, Quercus, Acer, Salix, Poaceae, Amarathaceae, and Polygonaceae pollen grains are prevalent among the airborne allergen types in the urban atmosphere. The principal pollen types remain the same but over time their quantities have changed. The relative abundance of Carpinus and Amaranthaceae airborne pollen decreased while the fraction of Urtica pollen increased in the last decade. From 50 to 69 pollen types were determined in the ambient air depending on the season. From 24 to 27 pollen types represented woody plants and from 22 to 46 pollen types belonged to the herbaceous plants. A considerable decrease in herbal pollen types is noted in the Vinnitsa air at present. It was shown that children were sensitive to weed pollen grains, including ragweed, mugwort, and grass, while adults were more sensitive to tree and grass pollen grains. Further studies of the pollen spectrum in the ambient air of this city are required in order to control the hay fever symptoms.
An aeropalynological study was carried out in the atmosphere of Estepona, a very popular tourist resort situated in the “Costa del Sol”, (southern Spain) based on the data obtained during a three year air-monitoring programme (March 1995 to March 1998) using a volumetric pollen trap. The 34 taxa that reached a 10-day mean air pollen concentration equal to or greater than 1 grain of pollen/m3 of air are reflected in the calendar. The first 10 taxa, in order of abundance, were: Cupressaceae, Olea europaea, Quercus, Poaceae, Urticaceae, Plantago, Pinus, Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae, Ericaceae and Castanea, the first 3 of which accounted for approximately 56% of the annual total pollen count. The greatest diversity of pollen type occurred during spring, while the highest pollen concentrations were reached from February-June, when approximately more than 80% of the annual total pollen was registered. The lowest concentrations were obtaining during January, August and September. The annual quantity of pollen collected, the intensity and the dates on which the maximum peaks were recorded differed for the 3 years studied, which can be explained by reference to various meteorological parameters, especially rainfall and temperature. The pollen calendar spectrum is typically Mediterranean and similar to those of nearby localities, in which many pollen types are represented and the long tails indicating long flowering periods.
The investigation of Ambrosia pollen counts in the air of Sosnowiec was carried out from 1998 to 2010 by means of the volumetric method. The pollen season which was determined by means of the 98% method started at the end of July and the beginning of August and lasted until the end of October. The highest Ambrosia pollen count was recorded in 1999 (222 grains x m-3) and the lowest in 2001 (18 grains x m-3). It was stated that the daily count of pollen grains depended on the wind direction and maximum air temperature. The strongest correlations were found with maximum temperature and with a wind direction from the south east. A high negative correlation coefficient was found between the frequency of inflows of air masses from the west and the annual total of pollen grains and the value of the maximum daily count. The closest sites of Ambrosia L. are at a distance of 25–40 kilometres from the sampling point. Significant correlations with the frequency of inflow of air masses can support the conclusion that Ambrosia pollen grains recorded in Sosnowiec were most probably carried not only from local sources but also, at least in part, from distant places.
The pollinic spectrum of the Madeira region is dominated by grass pollen, which also represents an important aeroallergen in Europe. The present work aims to analyze the main features of the Poaceae pollen season in the Madeira region to determine the allergic risk. The study took place in Funchal city, the capital of Madeira Island, over a period of 10 years (2003–2012). The airborne pollen monitoring was carried out with a Hirst type volumetric trap, following well-established guidelines. In the atmosphere of Funchal, the mean annual Poaceae pollen index was 229. The mean Poaceae pollen season lasts 275 days, with an onset date in January/March and an end date in November/December. Poaceae counts showed a seasonal variation with 2 distinct peaks: a higher peak between March and June, and the second one in autumn. The peak values occurred mainly between April and June, and the highest peak was 93 grains/m3, detected on the 27th May of 2010. The Poaceae pollen remaining at low levels during the whole growing season, presenting a nil to low allergenic risk during most of the study period. Higher critical levels of allergens have been revealed after 2006. In general, the pollen risk from Poaceae lasted only a few days per year, despite the very long pollen season and the abundance of grasses in the landscape of Madeira Island.
Grass pollen allergens are a frequent cause of pollen allergy in Poland and other European countries. The research on aeroplankton conducted in Lublin since 2001 allows characterization of the course of grass pollen seasons and estimation of the effect of maximum and minimum temperatures, relative air humidity, precipitation and maximum wind velocity on the taxon’s pollen concentration. The gravimetric method was used in the study. During the eight-year research period, the pollen season usually started in the first or second decade of May and, as a rule, it lasted till the end of August, and quite exceptionally, in 2002 and 2008 till mid-August. The mean length of the pollen season was 107 days. The highest grass pollen risk was observed in the 26th and 27th week. The highest annual counts reaching over 3600 pollen grains􀂉 cm-2 were noted in 2008, while in the other study years they ranged from 741 to 1909. The date of the pollen season onset and its course were highly dependent on weather conditions, which was confirmed by the statistical analysis. The greatest significant influence on the pollen season was exerted by maximum temperature, relative air humidity and the maximum wind.
This paper analyses pollen deposition in Lublin (Poland) and Skien (Norway). The studies were conducted in the years 1999 and 2000 using the gravimetric method and a Durham sampler. The study results varied both between years and cities. 10 more plant taxa were identified in Lublin than in Skien. In Lublin the highest airborne pollen concentrations were recorded in April, whereas in Skien in May and July. Betula, Pinaceae and Poaceae were the dominant taxa at the sampling site in Poland, while in Norway these were Pinaceae, Betula and Urtica. During the period of two years, annual pollen sums for most taxa were higher in the conditions of Poland, and the maximum pollen concentrations of Betula and Poaceae were higher in Poland, while for Pinaceae the pollen counts were higher in Norway.
Aerobiological measurements were made by the volumetric method (VPPS Lanzoni and Burkard instruments). Concentrations of microscopic fungi were measured from April 16th to July 2nd, 2013, in two rooms of the Chair of Botany and Natural Environment Protection, Faculty of Biology, Szczecin University. The study was undertaken to perform mycological analysis of the air in selected rooms. Mycological contamination of the air in the surveyed areas was not diverse in terms of species composition. Nearly three times higher concentrations of fungal spores were recorded in the seminar room. The most abundant were spores of fungi from the genus Cladosporium. The concentration of fungal spores of Cladosporium, Botrytis and Aspergillus/Penicillium exceeds the limits.
Medical observations show that the level of pollinosis increased by 34.6% in central Russia in 2005–2012. This paper presents the results of 6-year pollen monitoring carried out with a Hirst-type pollen trap (Burkard Manufacturing Co. Ltd) between 2010 and 2015 in Perm Krai (Russia). Usually, sensitization of allergic people occurs in three periods: (i) spring due to the pollen of Betula, (ii) early summer due to Poaceae pollen, and (iii) late summer as a result of Artemisia pollen. Betula pollen, which is dominant (26.9–65.2% of total pollen counts), is recorded in large numbers in the period of flowering and occasionally during the entire period of pollination. Among herbaceous plants, the pollen of Poaceae, Urticaceae and Artemisia dominates in airborne pollen. The concentration of allergenic pollen grains in the air of Perm Krai is lower than in other European geographical regions.
The study compared the occurrence of airborne pollen of 7 arboreal taxa (Corylus, Alnus, Cupressaceae/Taxaceae, Populus, Fraxinus, Betula and Carpinus) during the period 2007–2009 from two sites in Lublin city, SE Poland. The sites differed in the character of building development and surrounding vegetation. Pollen monitoring was conducted by the volumetric method using two Hirst-type samplers. Daily and intradiurnal pollen counts were determined. For all the taxa, Spearman’s test revealed statistically significant positive correlations between daily pollen fluctuations at two sites. Nevertheless, the Mann–Whitney U-test showed differences for Cupressaceae/Taxaceae, Fraxinus, Populus and Corylus between sites. The intradiurnal pattern of pollen concentration was characterized by high variation. Cupressaceae/Taxaceae and Populus, clearly differed in hourly pollen concentrations at both sites. Moreover, in the case of Betula and Alnus it was shown that a part of pollen recorded in Lublin can originate from long-distance transport. High pollen concentrations can be expected at different hours of the day. The lowest average pollen concentrations at both sites were found during morning hours at 5 and 6 a.m. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that data from a single pollen-sampling device are not representative of some taxa in the particular districts of the city. Average data obtained from at least two pollen samplers could provide optimum results.
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Pollen and spore forecasting has become an important aim in aerobiology. The main goal is to provide accurate information on biological particles in the air to sensitive users in order to help them optimize their treatment process. Many statistical methods of data analysis are based on the assumptions of linearity and normality that often cannot be fulfilled. The advanced statistical methods can be applied to the problems that cannot be solved in any other effective way, and are suited to predicting the concentration of airborne pollen or spores in relation to weather conditions. The purpose of the study was to review some advanced statistical methods that can be used in aerobiological studies.
The aim of the study was to analyse the grass pollen season dynamics in Cracow in 1991-2008 and to find the relationship between the meteorological conditions and season parameters. The pollen season started on average on the 138th day of the year (±10 days) and ended on the 211th day (±10 days). The median of the SPI value (calculated by the 95/90% method) was 2041, peak concentration – 111 pgm-3 (achieved on average on the 34th day of the season/173th day of the year). The average temperature in April-May showed the greatest effect on the start and end of the season (negative correlation). Tmean of the third decade of June influenced the season end (rs negative). Tmean of April-May correlated negatively with the time of peak concentration. Rainfall in January and April influenced the season start. Relative sunshine in March-April was related to the season start, in the third decade of June it was related to the season end (negative correlation), in March-April it influenced the time of peak concentration (positive correlation), while in January-March the peak concentration (positively). Cloudiness in February-May and also in the third decade of June had an impact on the season end and time of peak concentration (positive correlation). Humidity in February influenced the season start (negatively). The SPI value was influenced by relative sunshine (positively) in February-May, by humidity in April, and cloudiness in February-March (negatively).
Early spring flowering plants show large differences in the start dates of pollen emission due to high weather variability in the preceding period. In the present study, the influence of meteorological conditions on the start date of the hazel pollen season in Lublin in the years 2001-2009 was investigated. The aeropalynological study was carried out by the volumetric method using a Lanzoni VPPS 2000 sampler. The start of the hazel pollen season was determined using the 98% method. The differences in particular years of the study were over two months. Hazel pollen grains were recorded earliest in 2007, since from 13 January, and latest in 2003, from 18 March. It was found that accumulated 5-day mean temperature before the season affects the onset of the pollen season. As a result of multiple regression analysis, a statistical model was derived, which shows with great accuracy the relationship of the start of the hazel pollen season with total precipitation and the number of winter days.
A continuous 2-year volumetric aerobiological survey was conducted in Berhampore town, a centrally located and representative part of West Bengal, India. The aim of the study was to assess the allergising potential of airborne pollen grains of West Bengal. A total of 31 pollen types were identified of which Poaceae (grasses) pollen showed maximum frequency, followed by Cyperaceae, Cassia sp., Acacia auriculiformis, etc. The seasonal periodicities of the pollen types and their relationship to meteorological conditions were investigated. It was found that the pollen concentration is positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with rainfall and relative humidity. Clinical investigations by skin prick test were carried out to detect allergenicity of pollen types. Eighteen common airborne pollen types induced positive responses of which pollen extracts of Saccharum officinarum (grass), Azadirachta indica, Cocos nucifera, Phoenix sylvestris, Cyperus rotundus and Eucalyptus citriodora showed strongest sensitising potential. This result is consistent with previous investigations in different parts of West Bengal.
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