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Variations in the essential oil composition of Thymus vulgaris L. cultivated in Estonia and in other European countries were determined using capillary gas chromatographic analysis methods. Fifty-nine components were identified, representing over 95% of the total oil yield. The principal components in the oils of common thyme were thymol (0.9%-75.7%), carvacrol (1.5%-83.5%), p-cymene (4.3%-34.4%), y-terpinene (0.9%-19.7%), linalool (0.4V 4.8%), (E)-ß-caryophyllene (0.5%-9.3%) and terpinen-4-ol (tr.-3.8%). The sum of phenolic compounds (thymol and carvacrol) in the oils studied varied from 19.4% to 84.4%, and the sum of their precursors (p-cymene and y-terpinene) ranged from 5.7% to 38.5%. Thymol content was predominant in the oils of Holland (65.5%) and of Estonia (75.7%) but carvacrol content predominated in the Greek thyme oil (83.5%). Armenian thyme oil contained only 17.0% of thymol, but it was rich in neral and citronellol (32.5%), borneol (4.3%), citronellal (4.0%), 1,8-cineoI (4.0%) and methyl eugenol and thymol acetate (7.5%). In Estonia, the thymol, thymol-carvacrol and thymol-p-cymene-y-terpinene chemotypes of the common thyme are distinguishable.
The pathogenicity of Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum and F. equiseti to thyme was examined in present work. Isolates of tested fungi originated from various herbs plants. The effect of Fusarium spp. post-culture liquids and water suspensions of Fusarium spp. spores on germination of thyme schizocarps was studied in the laboratory. The effect of Fusarium spp. on the shooting up and healthiness of seedlings was carried out in the climatic chamber conditions using the method with infested soil. It was shown, that harmfulness of F. avenaceum, F. culmorum and F. equiseti to thyme, regardless of the origins of fungi isolates, was expressed by inhibition of schizocarps germination and by limiting of seedlings numbers and their growth. The symptoms of infection were a necrosis of shoots and roots. Each of the three used methods of artificial infection of thyme secured direct contact of with the surface of schizocarps, shoots and roots of seedlings. However the method with Fusarium spp. post-culture liquids should be recommended to the fast estimation of Fusarium spp. pathogenicity to thyme on account of occurrence of toxins, which are produced by fungi.
In 1998-2001, the healthiness of thyme cultivated in the region of Lublin was examined, Surveys were made on the one-year-old plantations of thyme at a stage f 6-week-old seedlings and just before the first harvest of the crop, as well as on e two-year-old plantations in spring and before the last harvest. The percentage the plants showing fungal disease symptoms and the index of infection with, fungi were determined. The fungi were isolated from superficially disinfected plant fragments namely from roots, bases of stem and leaves, separately, using 'eral culture medium. PDA and SNA media were used to culture Fusarium spp. malt-agar and Czapek-Dox ones to culture Penicillium spp. and malt-agar, oat-agar and cherry-agar ones to culture Phoma spp. The percentage of plant infected with the fungi ranged within 12.18 and 23.05, in case of the one-year-old ,plantations, and within 29.91 and 43.65 in the two-year-old ones, whereas values the index of infection ranged within 11.56 and 24.69 and within 20.75 and .28, respectively. Necroses were observed on roots and base of stems on one'-old and two-year-old plantations, but in the last period of vegetation of thyme to harvest, very often stems and leaves showed symptoms of a complete necrosis. It was found that base of stems and roots of thyme in the first and the second year of cultivation were colonized by a complex of pathogenic fungi.
Lemon balm, garden sage and common thyme are herbal species possessing versatile medicinal properties. They are also used as spices for culinary purposes. In the Polish climate, despite being perennial, these herbs usually grow on plantations for a year. The reason is their tendency to develop more lignified lower parts of stems, which in consequence depreciates the quality of yield and make the plants more sensitive to spring frost when there is no snow cover. The study aimed at evaluating the yielding of three herbal species (lemon balm, garden sage and common thyme) grown from seedlings in south-eastern Poland. Another objective was to determine the content of essential oils and minerals in raw material against the backdrop of the weather conditions during the growing season. The plant height was determined before harvest. Herbs were cut at the beginning of flowering, i.e. mid-July (lemon balm) and mid-August (common thyme); garden sage does not flower in the first year, hence the herb was cut at the end of August. Weight of fresh herbage was determined after the harvest, while air-dried herbage weight, ground herbage weight (for common thyme) and air-dried leaf weight (for lemon balm and garden sage) were assessed after drying under natural conditions. The content of essential oils was evaluated in dried material according to the applicable method descibed in Pharmacopoeia. Quantities of total nitrogen, ammonia, nitrates, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur were also determined in the harvested material. The height of lemon balm, garden sage and common thyme plants depended on the rainfall sum. Herbs grew higher in the years characterized by larger sums of atmospheric precipitations from May till July. Rainfalls also significantly affected the yields of fresh lemon balm, garden sage and common thyme herbs. In 2006, a year with less atmospheric precipitation, considerably more total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur accumulated in lemon balm leaves. More total nitrogen in garden sage and common thyme, ammonia in garden sage leaves as well as calcium in common thyme herb were found as well.
Column chromatography with preparative thin layer chromatography has been used to isolate two compounds from Thymi extractum fluidum. Identification of those compounds has been carried out by spectroscopic methods: LSIMS and UV. Isolated compounds are: 5,4’-dihydroxy-6,7,3’-trimethoxsyflavon (cirsilineol) and 5,4’-dihydroxy-6,7,8,3-tetramethoxyflavon (8-methoxycirsilineol).
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Health properties of selected herbal plants

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Herbs contain many biologically active natural substances and their properties have made it possible for people to use herbs in cooking and medicine for centuries. The use of herbal mixtures can prevent the illnesses, regenerate the body, regulate intestinal flora, strengthen the nervous, respiratory, digestive and circulatory systems. The objective of the study is the presentation of selected species of medicinal plants which are important to human body. Valuable, healthy properties of herbs result from the contained within them biologically active compounds such as glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, essential oils, tannins, bitterness, locks, pectin, minerals and vitamins. Properly matched herbs are natural and safe agents for treatment of many illnesses. Herbal preparations are prepared from fresh or dried, suitably comminuted plants and can be used internally and externally. They help to maintain good health and generally strengthen the body. Herbs are not only used in herbal medicine, but also in the food, cosmetic and perfumery industries. Herbal medicine is an effective method to take care of health by preventing illnesses and their treatment. Herbs have antibacterial properties, reduce the risk of cardio-vascular diseases and cancer, they can reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood and provide support to the respiratory and digestive systems. The proper selection of herbs and method of they consume is critical, because some of them have toxic properties, and various kinds of illnesses or specified physiological states constitute contraindications to their use.
Przedmiotem badań, przeprowadzonych w latach 2007-2008, były 4 klony tymianku właściwego (Thymus vulgaris L., rodzina jasnotowate - Lamiaceae). Rośliny porównywano pod względem cech morfologicznych i chemicznych. Badane klony różniły się pod względem ocenianych cech rozwojowych. Stwierdzono istotne różnice w zawartości olejku eterycznego w zielu (1,40-2,44%) oraz w jego składzie (szczególnie zawartości γ-terpinenu i p-cymenu), a także pod względem zawartości flawonoidów i fenolokwasów.
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