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The effect of gamma radiation with 0, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, and 450 Gy intensities on the longevity, total number of eggs, and the percent of hatched eggs laid by irradiated females of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Tetranychidae) was evaluated. Two different groups (0–24 h old and 48–72 h old) of adult females were irradiated. The results showed that 350 and 300 Gy doses significantly reduced the longevity of the 0–24 h old females and the 48–72 h old females. The younger females were more tolerant at lower dose rates than the older females. There was a quadratic relationship between dose rates and young females, while it was linear in older females. The total number of eggs laid by females of both ages was significantly reduced with a linear trend by 250 Gy irradiation. The eggs laid by females of both the 0–24 h olds and the 48–72 h olds lost their hatchability when the dose rate was 350 Gy. It was concluded, that applying a dose rate of 320 Gy on one of the mates (male or female) before mating, or a 300 Gy on both of them, would be sufficient to cause sterility in adult mites.
The hawthorn spider mite (Tetranychus viennensis Zacher) and two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) accepted all 13 apple cultivars given to them. The hawthorn spider mite most rapidly began permanent feeding on the apple cultivars: Priam, Witos, Pionier and Freedom. The two-spotted spider mite behaved similarly, but on the cultivars Romus, Primula, Florina and Lodel. The time of permanent feeding for the both spider mile species varied much, ranging from 1 min 8 sec to 21 min and 42 sec.
Studies on food preference of two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch were carried out on 21 perennial weed species in cereals. Feeding of females of two-spotted spider mite placed on leaf disk of selected weed species lasted the longest on Ranunculus regens and Amoracia lapathifolia. Meanwhile, phase of initial feeding of two-spotted spider mite was the shortest. Time spent on searching for food varied, and the longest one was on Helichrysum arenarium, Agrimonia euparoria and Saponaria officinalis, while the shortest on R. regens and A. lapathifolia. However, if females of two-spotted spider mite had for choice 21 perennial weed species, then they preferred most Convolvulus arvensis, Urtica dioica and Ballota nigra, but least H. arenarium, Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia vulgaris, Medicago palcata and Taraxacum officinale.
The study on food acceptance of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) was carried out on 10 oat varieties. The two-spotted spider mite accepted all provided oat varieties. Females of the two-spotted spider mite, put on leaf cuttings of oat varieties fed permanently for the longest time on Koneser variety. For the shortest time, however, the two-spotted spider mite remained in the phase of initial feeding. However, the time spent on seeking food varied from the longest period on Akt and Sławko varieties to the shortest one on Koneser variety. Having a choice, females of the two-spotted spider mite, most accepted Szakal, Cacko and Kresus, and least Stoper and Sam varieties.
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Twenty five years of azadirachtins (1986-2011)

72%
Azadirachtins are known as phagorepellent natural products from seeds of the neem tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae), which impede the development of larval insects and sterilize adults. The labors of the past three decades ultimatively lead to a chemical structure, which has been unanimously but independently elaborated by German, British and American authors. This structure is in force ever since 1985/87 and was ultimately confirmed by Veitch & al. in Ley’s group in Cambridge, England, through total synthesis. Its 25th birthday is presently being celebrated. Marrangin (=Azadirachtin L) was discovered in Gießen and chemically identified by Kalinowski and colleagues. It occurs in seeds of the marrango tree, Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs. In some insect species but also in mites like Tetranychus urticae, its biological activity is significantly superior to azadirachtin A. The value of these biorational compounds, with their very low vertebrate toxicity, and their low toxicity today is globally recognized. Quite recently, azadirachtin and analogues gain acceptance in veterinary and human medicine.
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