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Some alien woody species used in commercial forestry become invasive and, as invaders, cause major problems in natural and semi-natural ecosystems. However, the deliberate introduction of aliens can bring unintended negative changes also within areas of their cultivation. This paper presents the effects of the intentional introduction of the North-American Quercus rubra in European mixed Scots pine-Pedunculate oak forests (POFs): Querco roboris-Pinetum (W. Mat. 1981) J. Mat. 1988. Phytosociological data from field research combined with GIS data analysis of the current distribution of Northern Red oak in the studied habitat were used to determine the composition and structure of forest communities in plots with and without Q. rubra participation. The results show that Q. rubra significantly reduces native species richness and abundance, both in old-growth and in secondary (post-agricultural) forests. Not one resident vascular plant benefits from the introduction of Northern Red oak and only a few are able to tolerate its co-occurrence. The natural restocking of all native woody species is also strongly limited by this alien tree. The introduction of Northern Red oak significantly limits the environmental functions of the POF ecosystem and weakens its economic and social aspects. However, its further cultivation is justified from an economic point of view, as the essential function of the studied forests is commercial timber production, and the introduction of this fast growing alien tree supports the provisioning ecosystem services. A clear description of the level of trade-off between the accepted negative and positive effects of the introduction of Q. rubra on forest ecosystem services requires further interdisciplinary studies.
One hundred and one stands of non-native red oak Quercus rubra L. were examined across various forest types with the objective to relate the influence of environmental variables on the abundance of this species and to characterise its impact on the species richness and proportion of functional groups of native plant species. Amongst randomly selected stands more than 50% were self-regenerating ones, i.e. seedlings were present. The cover of Q. rubra seedlings was positively correlated with light intensity (rs = 0.38, P <0.05) and negatively with the content of nitrogen (rs = –0.20, P <0.05) and loss on ignition (rs = 0.20, P <0.05) in soil. The cover of mature trees was positively correlated with the value of pH (rs = 0.22, P <0.05). Separate correlations with DCA scores of phytosociological relevés and the cover of red oak in each layer showed that the species influenced the floristic composition of forest vegetation. The cover of mature trees of red oak negatively affected both the number of understorey species (rs = –0.39, P <0.01) and the cover of shrubs (rs = –0.21, P <0.05) and herbaceous species (rs = –0.22, P <0.05). Q. rubra in the form of a mature tree had a negative influence on the cover of barochores, endozoochores and species of Grime’s CSR strategy. The cover of red oak’s seedlings was negatively correlated with the cover of annual species (rs = –0.21, P <0.05). Saplings of Q. rubra had a negative influence on the cover of dyszoochores (rs = –0.21, P <0.05) and was positively correlated with competitors (rs = 0.31, P <0.01), megaphanerophytes (rs = 0.27, P <0.05) and therophytes (rs = 0.25, P <0.05). The study showed that Q. rubra is a competitive species both as a mature tree and in the form of seedlings or small saplings and thus it can contribute to the reduction of biodiversity in forest communities.
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