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Herbs and spices are commonly used in cuisine all over the world. They may contain many various substances beneficial for health, but also harmful (e.g. metallic) elements. Spices and herbal plants contain metal ions over a wide range of concentrations. Metals can have important positive or negative roles in human life. The aim of this study was to estimate the trace metals content in select popular Polish herbs and spices available on the Polish market. Thirty samples of various herbs and spices (fennel, sage, oak bark, St. John's wort, linden inflorescence, mint, black pepper, garlic, marjoram, paprika, cinnamon, basil, oregano, herbs de Provence, and parsley) were analyzed. The contents of Cu, Ni, Fe, Zn, and Mn were determined using AAS method after sample mineralization with 65% nitric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide. Metals contents were compared in spices from different manufacturers. The chemometric techniques were used to evaluate similarity with respect to herb and spice metal contents.
This study was aimed at determining lipid content, fatty acid composition and trans isomers content in fat extracted from cereals and cereal bars. Cereals and cereal bars were analyzed by gas chromatography. Analyses showed that they were characterized by a diversified content of fat and composition of particular groups of fatty acids (saturated SFA, monounsaturated MUFA and polyunsaturated PUFA). Only oat flakes turned out to be a good source of PUFA (38.83% of total fatty acids). The remaining products contained more SFA (mean: 45.12% and 47.73% in cereals and 63.31% in cereal bars) than PUFA (mean: 12.24% and 16.73% in cereals and 7.83% in cereal bars). Lipid of all examined products contained trans isomers of C18:1 and C18:2 acids. In lipids of cereals, the total content of these isomers did not exceed 0.5% of the total fatty acids. A higher content of these isomers was found in cereal bars (0.45–3.15%).
Abstract. The aim of the studies was to compare raw material composition, chemical parameters and evaluation of sensory quality of Bologna-type sausage, coming from Polish and Italian market. The studies were conducted on two samples of Polish and Italian sausage and included determination of basic chemical composition (content of water, total protein, fat, sodium chloride, ash, starch, collagen and total phosphorus) and sensory profile analysis. The results of the evaluation of declared raw material composition and of chemical tests indicate a considerable differentiation of raw material as well as of the evaluated parameters of the studied assortments. In the basic raw material composition of Italian sausages, application of meat, stomachs and pork fat was declared whereas Polish sausages were declared as containing pork or beef meat, mechanically deboned poultry meat and pork fat, and in the both discussed assortments - functional additives were declared. Italian Bologna-type sausages were characterized by significantly lower content of water, starch and carbohydrates as compared to Polish products and significantly higher content of protein, fat, chlorides, ash and collagen, resulting from the raw materials, used in production and from the level of the employed functional additives. The evaluated products were characterized by a differentiated sensory profile of texture and desirability of the evaluated discriminants. Italian sausages were characterized by significantly higher hardness, springiness and desirability of consistence as compared to Polish market products from the same assortment group. Significantly higher fat content in Italian Bologna--type sausages has not been reflected in higher sensation of fattiness, sensorilly evaluated. In Italian Bologna-type sausages, a rich flavour profile was defined.
The authors of this paper describe functions associated with vegetable seed distribution on the Polish market. They describe the role of distribution in the vegetable seed trade and the characteristics of different distribution channels. The results presented were based on information provided by seed companies and other participants of the vegetable seeds distribution system. The research was completed for the years 2001-2004.
The paper shows the problems of the price policy of horticultural seed companies operating on the Polish market in the trade seasons from 1999/2000 to 2004/2005. It characterizes different strategies of seed companies, the way of calculating seed price by them and a role of the price in fighting down competition. It shows how a seed bag size affected the elements of final seed price, margin and earning level.
Herbs and spices are sources of many bioactive compounds that can improve the taste of foods as well as influence digestion and metabolism processes. They can also contain some undesirable components that can be harmful, e.g. micotoxins, pesticides, heavy metals, and polycyclic carbohydrates residues. The objective of this study was to determine Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu contents in the most popular spices and herbs used in Polish cuisine. The content of these metals was assayed by the AAS method. The results were compared with the safety standards established by the National Ministry of Health. Excessive amounts of Pb were found in 40% of basil, 42% of cinnamon, 25% of savory and 6% of dried onion samples. Increased levels of Cd were detected in 20% of basil, 25% of savory and 42% of cinnamon samples. Zn and Cu levels in all herbs and spices were within the safe limits.
The development of advertising competition forces to undertake measures aimed at increasing effectiveness of the process of influencing potential customers. Advertisers more and more often reach for non-conventional and innovative solutions that are a part of innovativeness in a broad sense. This is facilitated by the development of modern mass media. The article touches the problem of the possibility to implement innovative solutions in advertising and perception thereof among consumers. The grounds for considerations are quantitative research surveys carried out among enterprises conducting their active advertising as well as recipients of those activities.
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Placing biopesticides on the Polish market

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Placing biological plant protection products on the Polish market undergo completely different rules depending on the group they do belong: if they are micro or macro organisms. The microorganisms and viruses undergo a very strict, costly and time consuming registration procedure more or less uniform for all EU countries. Placing products belonging to this group on the Polish market requires very significant financial and time investment. The rules regarding macro organisms registration are established in EU on the member state level. In Poland at present there are no rules at all and the macro organisms used in biological control can be imported and used in Poland without any supervision. However the list of 25 biological products registered under the old regulations can be still used as a guide informing about safety and efficacy of some products.
In the years 2001-2003 the vegetable seed weights of retail small bags were checked. The actual weights were compared with the declared ones on the seed bags. The research included 956 seed bags of 10 vegetable species: white head cabbage, garden carrot, red beet, onion, cucumber, tomato, radish, head lettuce, common bean and garden pea from 3 Polish seed companies. It was found out that 72.4% of the bags had the actual weights the same as declared on the bag (+/– 5%). The underweights (>5% and >10%) were 9.6% and 3.5% and overweights (>5% and >10%) 17.9% and 10.2%, respectively. Large differences in the received values were found for both the individual years and seed companies. The percentages of in line weights were: for red beet – from 66.7% to 100%, garden carrot – from 50.0% to 83.3%, onion – from 33.4% to 66.7%, white head cabbage – from 16.7% to 90.0%, cucumber – from 69.2% to 100%, tomato – from 26.1% to 100%, common bean – from 72.2% to 100%, garden pea – from 58.0% to 100% and radish – from 77.8% to 88.9%. The biggest underweights were found for garden carrots and cucumber – 22.0% and 18.0%, respectively, whereas the biggest overweights – for head lettuce and white head cabbage: 40.0%; 41.5% and 24.0%; 31.0% respectively. The least maximal underweight and overweights were recorded for red beet – 8.0% and 6.5%, respectively.
A multiresidue method (LC-MS/MS) for determination of wide range of anthelmintics was developed. The method covered benzimidazoles: albendazole (and metabolites), cambendazole, fenbendazol (and metabolites), flubendazole (and metabolites), mebendazole (and metabolites), oxibendazole, thiabendazole (and metabolites), triclabendazole (and metabolites); macrocyclic lactones: abamectin, doramectin, emamectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, moxidectin; salicylanilides: closantel, ioxynil, nitroxynil, oxyclosamide, niclosamide, rafoxanid and others: clorsulon, derquantel, imidocarb, monepantel (and metabolites), morantel, praziquantel, and pyrantel. The method was used to examine the potential presence of anthelmintics in goat and sheep milk and dairy products from the Polish market. A total of 120 samples of milk, yoghurt, cottage cheese, cream cheese, and curd were analysed. None of the samples were found positive above CCa (1-10 µg/kg) except for one cottage cheese in which traces of albendazole sulfone were detected (5.2 µg/kg) and confirmed. The results of the study showed negligible anthelmintic residues in the goat and sheep milk and dairy products and confirm their good quality.
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