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Fumigant toxicity of the essential oil derived from Carum copticum C. B. Clarke (Apiaceae) were assessed against growth stages of Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Seeds of the plant were collected from Tehran, Iran and hydrodistilled to extract their essential oil. The essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Thymol (64.51%), γ-terpinene (17.52%) and p-cymene (16.16%) were the main components among the eight constituents characterized in the oil, representing 98.19% of the total components detected. All bioassay tests were conducted at 25 ± 1°C, 65±5% RH and photoperiod of 16:8 h (light:dark). After preliminary dose-setting experiments, LC50 and LC90 values of four growth stages including eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were calculated. Results showed that the toxicity on the growth stages of Indian meal moth was differed markedly. Adult insects were about 500 times (LC50 = 257.83 μl/m3 air and LC90 = 598.94 μl/m3 air) more susceptible than other growth stages. Moreover, last instar larvae (LC50 = 91.36 μl/l air and LC90 = 213.79 μl/l air) and pupae (LC50 = 105.69 μl/l air and LC90 = 203.24 μl/l air) were significantly more susceptible than eggs (LC50 = 184.61 μl/l air and LC90 = 435.32 μl/l air). These findings indicated that essential oil from seeds of C. copticum could have potential of practical value for application in management of the Indian meal moth in storage.
Insect growth regulators generally have a selective effect on the target insects and have practically no apparent side effect on non-target organisms especially vertebrates. Hence, insect growth regulators could be a suitable choice to control pests in stored products. Ten-day-old larvae of Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) were expressed to the juvenile hormone analogue pyriproxyfen in order to have an effect on growth, metamorphosis, reproduction, lipid and protein contents of ovaries. The larvae were treated by 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, and 0.3 ppm of JHA in an artificial diet where controls received acetone alone. The results indicated significant differences in duration of growth, mean longevity of hatched adults, percentage of emerged normal adults, abnormal pupae, hatched larvae and mean oviposition ratein addition to the lipid and protein of ovaries compared to the controls. An inhibition concentration of fifty (IF50) for prevention of emerging adults was recorded 0.134 ppm. Pyriproxyfen caused significant defects in the legs and wings of some adults and sever morphological changes in the ovaries of emerged adults. The results showed that pyriproxyfen may be applied as an insecticide to decrease the damage caused by Indian meal moth on stored products. Pyriproxyfen can be used with low side effects to humans.
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