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1

Time of spring activation of Norway spruce clones of different origin

100%

Guzicka M., Wozny A.

Polish Journal of Natural Sciences. Supplement

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2003

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tom 01

2

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Monitoring of xylem formation in Picea abies under drought stress influence

88%

Gryc V., Hacura J., Vavrcik H., Urban J., Gebauer R.

Dendrobiology

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2012

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tom 67

The effect of drought stress on regular cambium activity and wood formation in stems of two different clones of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) was investigated. Tissue samples were taken during the growing season from May to September 2010. Artificial drought stress, induced by long-term sheltering of the soil, was significantly manifested in clone 15. In the stressed individual, the period of cambium activity was shorter, the total number of formed cells was lower and the resulting tree ring was narrower. The number of cells in the phases of postcambial growth and secondary cell wall formation was significantly lower in comparison to the control tree. The tracheid lignification process was slower in the tree stressed by water deficit and the first mature tracheids were observed later. On the other hand, in clone 18 probably genetic dispositions played an important role as no considerable deviations in the cambium activity and new wood cells production were observed. Fitting xylem increments to the Gompertz function showed that the period of the most intensive cell formation was at the turn of June and July and the maximum daily production of new cells was higher in non-stressed individuals than in the stressed ones. The results of the experiment lead us to the conclusion that drought stress can significantly affect the cambium activity of some clones, the differentiation process of anatomical elements, and thus also the resulting tree ring width.

3

The radial growth-competition relationship in Picea abies stands affected by windfall

88%

Badea O., Dumitru I., Cojocia C., Popa I.

Dendrobiology

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2015

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tom 73

Actual status of mountain forests especialy, of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst. (L)) stands is a result of combined action between forest management measures and biotic and abiotic risk factors. In this context, tree growth dynamics is a result of multifactor interaction (competition, disturbance, management practice, climate etc.). Wind damage affect the stand structure and normal ecosystem functions including the relationship between individual tree growth and competition processes. Though, it is recorded a diminishing of productive capacity for affected stands as well as a significant diameter increment for remaining standing trees. The correlation between tree growth (cumulate basal area increment in the last 10 years) and competition (Hegyi and Schutz competition indices) was analysed in stands with different windfall intensity. No relationship between tree growth and competition was observed in highly affected stands. Schutz competition index explains better individual tree growth comparing with Hegyi index in low or no-affected stand by windthrow. The variability of the basal area increment (lnΔɡ10), explained by competition indices, is rather low (<2%) in the stand that had been highly affected by windfall, regardless of the selected competition index. Thus, significant reduction of the stand density related to number of trees (low density), as a consequence of high intensity windfalls, crown competition has a very small influence on the basal area increment comparing with situations met in low (high density) and moderate (medium density) affected stands.

4

Cytomixis in the shoot apical meristem of the Norwy spruce

88%

Guzicka M., Wozny A.

Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters

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2002

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tom 07

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nr Suppl.

5

Flowering and cone bearing of Picea abies grafts in second-generation seed orchards

75%

Misiorny A., Chalupka W.

Dendrobiology

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2006

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tom 56

51-59

In 2004, abundant flowering of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) was observed in two second- generation seed orchards: (1) ‘Outbreeding’, promoting crossing between clones of five geographically distant populations; and (2) ‘Kolonowskie’, restoring a population whose offspring exists only in an international experiment (IUFRO 1964/1968). In bothseed orchards, female strobili were produced by 91.3% and 91.7% of clones, represented by 64.1% and 55.5% of grafts, respectively, and statistically significant differences between clones were found in the number of mature cones. In the case of the seed orchard ‘Outbreeding’, the number of mature cones in individual clones was significantly correlated with latitude of the origin of maternal populations (r = 0.8826, p = 0.0470). The majority (95%) of cones in seed orchards ‘Outbreeding’ and ‘Kolonowskie’ were produced by only 28.2% and 38.5% of all clones, and 21.4% and 25.7% of all grafts, respectively. These data attest to a disparity between the level of genetic diversity in seed orchard progeny resulting from the observed numbers of cone-bearing clones and grafts and the genetic diversity expected from the actual participation of clones and grafts in seed orchard composition. The estimated seed production per 1 ha of seed orchard area in 2004 reached 21.05 kg for ‘Outbreeding’ and 21.72 kg for ‘Kolonowskie’.

6

Incidence of butt rot in Norway spruce seed stands in Poland's mountain regions assessed with sonic tomography

75%

Chomicz E.

Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry

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2013

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tom 55

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nr 4

The incidence and severity of butt rot were assessed in 12 selected Norway spruce seed stands in the Beskidy Mountains, Poland. A semi-invasive technique of sonic tomography was used for the assessment of rot damage. Stands of different age classes (100–120, 130–150, 160–170 years old) and distinct regions of provenance (Istebna and Orawa) were investigated. Hierarchical analysis of variance was used to determine effects of stand age and stand provenance on butt rot occurrence at a stand level. High incidence of butt rot was noted in all of the studied seed stands (47% to 87% of diagnosed tree samples). Stand age had a significant effect on percentage share of ‘damaged wood’ on the tomogram. The extent of rot damage was rising with stand age, and the largest was observed in the age category 160–170 years. Spruce stands of Istebna provenance were generally more damaged by butt rot than those of Orawa provenance, however, the latter have been growing in forest sites more suitable for spruce in terms of fertility and altitude. Hierarchical analysis of variance did not show a statistically significant relationship between the region of provenance and average share of ‘damaged wood’ on the tomogram. Presented results indicate that for stands growing in similar conditions vulnerability to butt rot is determined by stand age. Further research is needed to separate impact of stand provenance identified with specific genetic constitution of a population from the effect of environmental conditions typical of a given region of provenance.

7

Breeding programmes of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst. in the Czech Republic

75%

Hynek V.

Dendrobiology

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2004

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tom 51 Supplement

In the Czech Republic, Norway spruce has a natural representation in all forest altitudinal vegetation zones, in some of which (FAVZ 1, 2 and 9), however, it is scarce. The three basic climatic ecotypes of spruce identified in the Czech territory, i.e. an upland ecotype, a higher elevation ecotype and a mountain ecotype, can be characterised on the basis of the forest altitudinal vegetation zones of their origin. The paper presents the breeding work completed so far and all the breeding programmes implemented for Norway spruce, including projects worked out for the Krkonoše National Park.

8

Treatment of bark beetle attacked trees with entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin

75%

Jakus R., Blazenec M.

Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry

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2011

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tom 53

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nr 2

We carried out an experiment with using the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. for sanitation of active infested trees. We used 15 active infested trees from which 5 stems were treated with an insecticide, 5 were treated with solution of the tested entomopathogenic fungus and 5 were left as control. The used insecticide was pyretroid Fury 10 EW. We used a biopreparation based on the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana in form of wettable powder. The material was diluted. The suspension contained 107spores of the tested entomopathogenic fungus in 1 ml. The suspension was applied across the whole stem surface. We succeeded to infect about 28.75% of Ips typographus L. individuals in the treated stems. The number of live individuals was comparable with the variant using the insecticide.

9

Norway spruce (Picea abies) genetic transformation with modified Cry3A gene of Bacillus thuringiensis

75%

Briza J., Pavingerova D., Vlasak J., Niedermeierova H.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

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2013

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tom 60

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nr 3

Modified versions of the Cry3A gene of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) were transferred into Norway spruce (Picea abies). Both the biolistic approach and Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated procedure were employed for transformation of embryogenic tissue (ET) cultures. The latter method proved to be more efficient yielding 70 transgenic embryogenic tissue lines compared with 18 lines obtained by biolistics. The modified Cry3A genes were driven by a 35S promoter and the nptII screenable selection marker gene was used in all vectors. The transgenic ETs were molecularly characterized and converted into mature somatic embryos. Germinating embryos formed plantlets which were finally planted into perlite and their Cry3A gene transcription activities were demonstrated by RT-PCR.

10

Influence of fertilization methods on the growth of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings in a forest nursery

75%

Kowalkowski W., Hauke-Kowalska M., Baszak K.

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Silvarum Colendarum Ratio et Industria Lignaria

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2013

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tom 12

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nr 1

The essence of conducting a forest nursery production is high quality planting material. Its essential element is rational fertilization of plants grown and conscious use of available methods and fertilizer application. Studies on the effects of fertilization on the growth of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) can be used by foresters to properly choose the fertilizer needed to achieve the target of production. In the research foliar fertilization was applied, by the following means: “EM Naturally Active” (EM Naturalnie Aktywny – Greenland EM Technology) – liquid organic fertilizer with soil microorganisms, “Bioekor for conifers and ericaceous plants” (Bioekor dla iglaków i roślin wrzosowatych) – mineral foliar fertilizer in the form of a liquid concentrate trace elements and natural growth substances, “Ekolist standard” mineral foliar fertilizer in the form of a liquid concentrate. The study was conducted in 2009-2010 in the forest nursery situated in the Forest District Spychowo. Spruce seedlings transplanting was used. Experiments consisted of four objects repeated in four blocks. The fertilization was performed six times – 2009, and four – 2010. The measurements were performed three times. Annual growth of seedlings taken, from height of measurement was calculated. Analysis of the results obtained, did not show statistically significant differences for any of the applied methods of fertilization.

11

In-situ synchrotron mikro-tomographie und akustische emission von holzproben unter zugbelastung

75%

Zauner M., Ritschel F., Stampanoni M., Niemz P.

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2014

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tom 86

12

Strip road impact on selected wood defects of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst)

75%

Bembenek M., Giefing D. F., Karaszewski Z., Lacka A., Mederski P. S.

Drewno. Prace Naukowe. Doniesienia. Komunikaty

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2013

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tom 56

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nr 190

Creating strip roads in second age class stands is an indispensible operation for carrying out thinning. It is especially important in places where there is an intention to do a first thinning using mechanised thinning operations. Felling trees to create strip roads results in altered conditions for the tree growth of neighbouring trees.In particular, this is due to an increase in exposure to sunlight. This can lead to changes in the growth of trees and consequently changes in the morphology of the trunk and the development of defects. The objective of this paper was to analyse the frequency of the presence of particular defects in the structure and shape of spruce ina five-year period after the creation of a strip road. The research was carried out in an artificially regenerated spruce stand within the spruce’s natural, northern habitat in Poland. A 34-year-old stand underwent a systematic thinning scheme which involved the removal of every eighth tree row. The analysis was carried out on trees growing both adjacent to the strip roads (which had a greater growing area around them and greater access to sunlight) as well as trees from further within the stand. Diameter growth was taken in three places: at breast height, in the middle of the trunk between breast height and the base of the crown, as well as at the base of the crown. The average incremental growth, pith eccentricity taper and ovality were calculated. No statistically significant difference in defects between the trees growing by the strip road and those growing further in the stand was observed. Greater taper on mid-tree logs in comparison to butt logs was observed. Insignificant changes in the morphology of the trunks, supports the validity of cutting strip roads in second age class stands.

13

The influence of drying on the sorption properties of polyethylene wax treated wood

75%

Lesar B., Sever Skapin A., Humar M.

Drewno. Prace Naukowe. Doniesienia. Komunikaty

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2011

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tom 54

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nr 185

The importance of the use of waxes in the wood industry has been increasing, particularly in Europe, since consumers, due to their increased environmental awareness, avoid using biocidally treated wood and wood from tropical forests. In this research two water-repellent emulsions in various concentrations were used: polyethylene and oxidised polyethylene wax emulsion. The performance of wax treated Norway spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood was tested in two sorption experiments: conditioning in high relative air humidity (vapour diffusion) and non-continuous dipping (liquid flow). The sorption properties of oven and vacuum dried impregnated specimens were determined. During conditioning, wax treated Norway spruce specimens, vacuum and oven dried, had the same moisture content as control specimens; while treated vacuum dried beech had up to 25% lower moisture content than the parallel control specimens. An even higher difference was evident in volume changes of vacuum and oven dried beech specimens during the sorption test.

14

Variation in tracheid lengths in resonance wood of spruce (Picea abies L.)

75%

Fabisiak E., Mania P., Kudela J.

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2014

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tom 86

15

Forest ecosystem as a source of CO2 during growing season: relation to weather conditions

75%

Taufarova K., Havrankova K., Dvorska A., Pavelka M., Urbaniak M., Janous D.

International Agrophysics

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2014

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tom 28

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nr 2

Net ecosystem production reflects the potential of the ecosystem to sequestrate atmospheric CO2. Daily net ecosystem production of a mountain Norway spruce forest of the temperate zone (Czech Republic) was determined using the eddy covariance method. Growing season days when the ecosystem was a CO2 source were examined with respect to current weather conditions. During the 2005, 2006, and 2007 growing seasons, there were 44, 65, and 39 days, respectively, when the forest was a net CO2 source. The current weather conditions associated with CO2 release during the growing seasons were: cool and overcast conditions at the beginning or end of the growing seasons characterized by a 3-year mean net ecosystem production of -7.2 kg C ha-1 day-1; overcast or/and rainy days (-23.1 kg C ha-1 day-1); partly cloudy and hot days (-11.8 kg C ha-1 day-1); and overcast and hot days (-13.5 kg C ha-1 day-1). CO2 release was the highest during the overcast or/and rainy conditions (84%, average from all years), which had the greatest impact during the major production periods. As forests are important CO2 sinks and more frequent weather extremes are expected due to climate change, it is important to predict future forest carbon balances to study the influence of heightened variability in climatic variables.

16

Fungi associated with the beetles of Ips typographus on Norway spruce in Southern Poland

75%

Jankowiak R.

Acta Mycologica

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2004

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tom 39

|

nr 1

17

Variability of tree-ring sizes of the Norway spruce [Picea abies [L.] Karst] growing at different altitudes

75%

Feliksik E., Wilczynski S.

Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry

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2002

|

tom 44

18

Gene resources conservation of Norway spruce [Picea abies Karst.] in Slovakia

75%

Smelkova L.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej w Krakowie. Sesja Naukowa

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2007

|

tom 92

19

Effect of freezing dehydration on antioxidant system and cold tolerance in Norway spruce [Picea abies [L.] Karst.] seedlings

75%

Kaminska-Rozek E., Pukacki P. M.

Polish Journal of Natural Sciences. Supplement

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2003

|

tom 01

20

Summer nest sites of the common dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius L. in young woodlands of Lithuania

75%

Juskaitis R., Remeisis R.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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tom 55

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nr 4

Selection of nest sites by the common dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius L. depends on habitat type and suitable plants that can support and hide dormouse nests properly. Lithuania is situated in the northern part of the distribution rage of M. avellanarius. Some peculiarities of nest site selection in these dormice could be expected here compared to the regions situated further south because of differences in composition of the woody vegetation. Searches for nests of M. avellanarius were carried out in different young woodlands of Lithuania at 16 study sites, and detailed study of nest site selection in this species was carried out in an overgrown clearing in 2005–2006. In comparison to other parts of its distribution range, significant prevalence of Norway spruce as a nest supporting plant was observed in Lithuania. More than 70% of nests of M. avellanarius (n = 120) found in different young woodlands were situated in young spruce trees. In habitats where suitable spruce trees were absent or scarce, young deciduous tress (e.g. oak, ash, aspen, lime, hornbeam) and shrubs (e.g. hazel, bramble, raspberry, willow, honeysuckle) were selected for nesting sites. In overgrown mid-forest clearing, young spruce trees were evidently preferred by M. avellanarius as nest supporting plants despite their comparatively scarcity. Planted oak trees were selected by M. avellanarius for nesting in the plot of the clearing where young spruce trees were almost absent. The average height of dormouse nests was 1.0 ± 0.6 m above ground in young woodlands, and it was related to the age and height of young trees and shrubs.

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