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The polyprenol pattern in leaves of fruit trees belonging to the Rosaceaei (genera: Prunus, Malus) and Cornaceae (genus: Cornus) families is presented. The content of polyprenyl acetates varied within plant species between 10 to 50 mg per gram of dry weight. In genus Prunus, Cornus and in representatives of species Malus domestica, a mixture of polyprenols composed of 18, 19, 20, 21 isoprene units was found. In 6 species of genus Prunus ( sour-cherry ): P. serrulata-spontanea, P. yedoensis, P. fruticosa. P. kurilensis, P. subhirtella and P. incisa the presence of a second polyprenol family, i.e. the group of prenologues consisting of prenol -35, -36, -37, etc. up to -42 was detected.
In leaves of various species of fruit-trees belonging to the Rosaceae family, large amounts of polyprenyl acetates (0.5-5.0% of dry weight) were found. Discrete constant differences of polyprenol spectrum characteristic of each genus studied: Mains, Pruttus and Pyrus were observed. In each species poly-ris-prenols composed of 19 and 20 isoprene units were predominating. In one of the 23 studied species (Prunus incisa) a fraction of long-chain polyprenols composed of 35—45 isoprene units was also present. It seems that this type of unusually long-chain polyprenols could occur also in other plants of the Rosaceae family
In the Botanical Garden - Center for Biological Diversity Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, about 700 accessions of genus Malus Mill. have been collected since 1987; among them 164 genotypes of 51 species and decorative forms and 550 old, historical cultivars. Majority of the species are known from natural stands, e.g. M. sylvestris, M. sargentii, M. coronaria, 9 are the crossings, e.g. M. x arnoldiana, M. x micromalus, 5 are decorative cultivars, e.g. Hillieri, Red Tip, Dolgo. Seedlings population of M. sieversii coming from Central Asia, considered as the main progenitor of cultivated apple trees counts 100 individuals. An attempt was made to classification of collected materials from systematic point of view. There are some inconsistences in case of the 7 taxa, e.g. M. ellerwangeriana it is actually M. pumila f. apetala, M. glaucescens does not have characteristics of Chloromeles series and M. baccata var. flavescens does not belong to Baccata. There is lack of information in the literature on 5 taxa: M. odorata, M. flexilis, M. penzenskiana, M. upsaliensis and M. baccata var. flavescens. Lot of the apple trees have beautiful decorative flowers and fruits, e.g. M. hupehensis, M. toringoides, M. sylvestris from Buttstadt. The trees of 6 taxa were free from scab symptoms, e.g. M. florentina, M. fusca. The seedlings of M. sieversii appeared to be susceptible to diseases, only 2 genotypes were free from the scab symptoms.
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Rosaceae fruit trees are characterized by gametophytic self-incompatibility, with their production typically requiring artificial pollination or pollination tree is required in production. Both of these solutions cause reductions in production efficiency, and self-incompatibility has become a major issue in agricultural biology, and as such, has been extensively studied. In this review, we discuss the relationship between S-RNase content in the style and self-incompatibility, and the role of the SLF gene in stamen-determining factor. Considering mutations in self-compatibility-related genes and self-compatibility in polyploid fruit trees, we discuss the potential mechanisms of self-incompatibility. Based on a preliminary study of the role of pollen tube Ca2+ gradients in self-incompatibility in Pyrus, we propose a new mechanistic model of self-incompatibility taking into account the effect of Ca2+. We also discuss the potential for hormone regulation to be used to control selfincompatibility in Rosaceae fruit trees.
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