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Mammalian serum is essential for the growth of Giardia duodenalis cultivated under axenic conditions. Unfortunately, some factors present in bovine serum used as supplement in the culture medium may inhibit protozoal growth and activity. TYI-33-PACSR is a TYI medium supplemented with a serum replacement (PACSR) made up of Earle’s amino acid solution, Diamond’s vitamin-tween 80 mixtures and LCR (a lipid-cholesterol — rich mixture). PACSR was previously used in the culture media for axenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica and Trichomonas vaginalis. The main objective of this work was to demonstrate that TYI-33-PACSR is useful for axenic cultivation of G. duodenalis. Additionally, the activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA A2) in the sub-cellular vesicular fraction (P30) of G. duodenalis grown in TYI-S-33 and TYI-33-PACSR was compared. All strains of Giardia grown in TYI-33-PACSR reached relative cellular densities of 91 to 95% compared to controls growing in serum-supplemented TYI-S-33 medium. Additionally, PLA A2 activity was similar in the P30 sub-cellular fraction obtained from trophozoites growing in TYI-S-33 and TYI-33-PACSR. Thus, TYI-33-PACSR could be useful in analyzing the biological properties of G. duodenalis in the absence of serum.
Amoebiasis is one of the most important infectious diseases afflicting mainly tropical and subtropical countries. This study was carried out in the Sharjah Emirate, UAE in order to accurately detect and differentiate Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar and E. moshkovskii in fecal samples collected from the Sharjah municipality public health clinic by ELISA and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One hundred and twenty specimens were examined and the PCR was positive for E. histolytica, E. dispar and E. moshkovskii (collectively referred to as Entamoeba complex) in 19.2% (23 out of 120). Of those, 10% (12/120) were mono — infection with E. histolytica; 2.5% (3/120) with E. dispar; and 2.5% (3/120) E. moshkovskii. The nested PCR also detected mixed infections by both E. histolytica and E. dispar in 3.3% (4/120) and E. dispar and E. moshkovskii in 0.8% (1/120). The TechLab ELISA kit failed to detect E. histolytica in any of the E. histolytica PCR positive samples. Overall, the percentage of E. histolytica including those found in mixed infections was 13.3% (16/120). Compared to nested PCR, microscopy was found to have an overall sensitivity of 52.2% and a specificity of 75.2% for detection of Entamoeba complex. The present study indicates that E. histolytica is present in the UAE with an average incidence rate of 13.3%. However, larger studies need to be conducted in order to confirm these findings. We propose the use of PCR in both the routine diagnosis of amoebiasis and epidemiological survey in the UAE.
In order to gain better knowledge about pathomechanisms of amebosis, histological and histochemical studies were performed on large and small intestine of guinea pigs infected by PS-2 Entamoeba histolytica strain. Results of these studies showed that the presence of E. histolytica in large intestine caused also pathomorphological changes of small intestine: partial atrophy of villi, epithelium destruction, epithelial metaplasia, lacteral dilation, infiltration of mucous membrane by lymphocytes, plasmocytes and macrophages. Influence of this parasite on lowering of investigated enzyme reactions and reduction of mucus secretion in large intestine as well as in small intestine of infected animals were also shown. These result suggest influence of E. histolytica cytotoxins (studied earlier by others authors) on the enzymes activity in host tissues and next on the weakness of intracellular metabolism and on cells destruction. For induction of these changes the adhesion host cell-amoeba is not necessary.
This cross-sectional study was carried to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among mentally handicapped individuals in Alexandria, Egypt, in the period from December 2012 till November 2013. The study was conducted on 200 institutionalized and non-institutionalized mentally handicapped individuals. Fresh stool samples were subjected to different stains including; trichrome for detecting intestinal protozoa, modified acid fast stain for intestinal coccidia and quick hot gram chromotrope stain for Microsporidia. Also they were processed by Kato-Katz and formol ethyl acetate techniques for intestinal helminths. Additionally, blood samples were collected for measuring hemoglobin levels. Out of 200 mentally handicapped individuals, 87 (43.5%) were infected. The infection rates were 44.6% and 42.6% for non-institutionalized and institutionalized people, respectively. Regarding gender, 46.7% and 38.5% were reported for the males and females respectively. The most common parasites detected were: Cryptosporidium sp. (23.5%), microsporidia (15%), Giardia lamblia (8.5%), Dientamoeba fragilis (8%), Cyclospora cyatanensis (7.5%), Blastocystis hominis (6.5%), Entamoeba histolytica (5.5%) and Entamoeba coli (2.5%). Rates for Isospora belli and Enterobius vermicularis were estimated to be 1.5% for each, while lower rate was reported for Iodamoeba butschlii (1.0%). Prevalence of infections among mentally handicapped individuals are indications for several risk factors, including improper sanitary hygiene and illiteracy about personal hygiene. Therefore, frequent investigations, health care and medical intervention are needed.
The aim of the study was to present the past and actual prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and other intestinal protozoa in Poznań Province. Although in Poland there are only few accurate data concerning the prevalence of intestinal protozoa, the results of some studies were found reliable. In a survey conducted in 1958 in an orphanage in Poznań (Kasprzak and Karlewiczowa) the intestinal protozoa were found with high prevalence (Table 1). After six years this prevalence decreased considerably (Karlewiczowa and Kasprzak, 1964). Because at the same time such a decrease in intestinal protozoa prevalence, especially that in Entamoeba coli, was observed in the whole population of the Poznań Province, long-term surveys were undertaken. The diagnosing of intestinal protozoa in faeces of 4165 persons, performed at more points in time in the period of 1963 to 1986 in the Poznań Province, were conducted by the same highly skilled staff. Decreasing rates of infection were seen for each amoeba species at nearly each point in time, particularly in the first eight years of observation (Table 2). By using the "amoebic index" and "amoebic prevalence rate" in assessing epidemiological factors (acc. WHO, 1969), the considerable reduction in both indices should be accounted for the improvement of the sanitation and socio-economic status in our country. After the Second World War some Polish authors expressed the fear that after returning to the country, the Polish soldiers who had fought in the endemic regions of invasive amoebiasis, infected with E. histolytica, would constitute sources for spreading amoebiasis and that the disease would be a nucleus of a new, hitherto unknown, social calamity in Poland. Fortunately, the fear did not come true. Although in this country the infection with amoebae, also with E. histolytica, decreased considerably after several years, unfortunately, some opinions still prevail, being the source of an amoebo-mania in the medical staff and corresponding amoebophobia in the patients.
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The scope of this work is the presentation of new theories concerning the role of complement (C) in the resistance of high organism to the infection caused by protozoa. The mechanisms protecting of Entamoeba histolytica, Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii and Naegleria fowleri from the action of C are also described.
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