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The study presents the results obtained following the analysis of the so-called Granger causality between daily and monthly temperatures of air and water for the period 1987–2013 carried out for the Noteć river and its two main tributaries: Drawa and Gwda. Granger causality relates to a situation where the data concerning past values of one time series provide important information helping to predict values of another series not included in the information about its past values. The analysis was based on the Granger causality test (of the first order). A causality relationship was established for daily temperature series both for the air-water and water-air directions of influence, which means that forecasting the pattern of river water temperatures from changes to air temperatures can yield better results when done based on data from the previous day. The model forecasting daily water temperature in the Noteć river on the basis of water and air temperatures from the previous day explained 0.07–0.27% of unique variance more than the model that used only water temperature from the previous day. The model forecasting the daily air temperature based on air and water temperatures from the previous day explained 0.3–0.79% of the variance more than the model, which uses only the air temperature from the previous day. For monthly series of water and air temperatures, different configurations of correlations in terms of Granger causality were established: one-way in water-air direction or no correlation, which may result from the river water thermal regime being disturbed by the local impact of anthropogenic factors. In addition, the analysed effect of Granger causality between series of random fluctuations of both temperature models confirmed that causal dependencies occur in both directions. The identification of causal relationships in terms of Granger causality confirms the influence of one data series on the evolution on another data series, and it defines the application potential of study results for the purpose of forecasting the changeability of thermal parameters of river waters. The obtained results may help improve the quality of forecasting changes in water thermal conditions, which is important for managing their environmental condition properly.
The effects of the trematode Bucephalus polymorphus on the reproductive cycle of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha were examined in mussel populations from the Drava River. The reproductive cycle was studied by histological examination of the gonads and quantified by an image analysing system to determine changes in volume of the entire visceral mass, gonads, digestive glands and in particular the volume of trematodes. Results confirmed that (1) gonads of D. polymorpha were affected by B. polymorphus infection more than any other organ and (2) development of cercariae in sporocysts of B. polymorphus coincides with host gonad maturation. This is the first study in which the image analysing system was used to determine the effect of trematodes on the reproductive cycle of D. polymorpha. Also, this is the first record of sporocysts of B. polymorphus in D. polymorpha in this part of Europe.
The knowledge of the genetic variability and structure of Salmo trutta population is needed for effective protection of the species and rational management of the resources. A number of marker systems have been introduced to evaluate the genetic variability of trout populations. Among them, the most often used are the RAPD and SSR markers. Both marker systems are classified as type II markers (O’BRIEN 1991, LERCETEAU-KÖHLER and WEISS 2006). In this study, the genetic variability of the Salmo trutta m. fario and Salmo trutta m. trutta populations from the Rega river, and the three watercourses Sitna, Słopica and Bagnica of the Drawa river catchment area, were analysed. One stream, the Chojnówka (located outside the catchments of the above streams), was used as an extra study area. Based on two marker systems, different results were obtained. In the case of RAPD analysis, all loci were polymorphic in all populations. The use of these marker systems permitted the construction of UPGMA similarity trees. The trees revealed a division of the analysed populations into two groups: one group from the Słopica river and the other group from the remaining watercourses. In the second similarity group, two subgroups can be distinguished: one comprising the population of the sea trout from the Rega river and that of the brown trout from the Sitna river (60.7%), and the other consisting of the parr trout populations from the Chojnówka, Bagnica and Sitna (50.3–79.4%). Between the analysed populations, 100% polymorphism was found. The results indicate a high genetic variability of the studied populations. In the case of SSR analysis, 9 microsatellite loci isolated from five trout populations were described. The number of alleles at these loci ranged from 1 to 5 with an average of 2.8 alleles per locus. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.07 to 0.66, with an average of 0.35. The results indicate high genetic variation of the populations studied.
We collected and examined water plant samples of floating pondweed (Potamogeton natans) and Common reed (Phragmites australis). The samples were taken from places situated along the Drawa River (before, next to and below the military training ground). Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb and Zn content was indicated in plants. The received results showed the essential difference of the heavy metals content between plants from various places. The military training ground is a source of Drawa River contamination by heavy metals.
The movements of individual juvenile sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus Mitchill, during their first stage of downstream migration were observed in the Drawa River, Poland. Two groups of 10 sturgeon each (9 months old, reared in closed recirculation systems) were tagged with internal radio-transmitters. The first group of sturgeon (119-184 g) were tagged with Holohill BD-2N transmitters (weight 0.43 g, operational life 14d) and released on May 7. Fish from the second group (143-206 g) were tagged with BD-2 (weight 1.2 g, operational life 56d) and were released on May 24. The releases took place in the Drawa River below Kamienna Dam, 33 km upstream from the river’s confluence with the Noteć River. All of the fish moved downstream, but migration speeds differed. Seven sturgeon from the first group reached the confluence with the Noteć River, approximately 30 km downstream from the release site, during the first 18 days, which indicated there had been staging intervals in pools. Within four days, six fish from the second group had moved downstream the Drawa River and were located 20 km downstream from the confluence with the Noteć River. The downstream migration speed of the fish correlated with fish size and increased with water temperature.
The two pondweed taxa, new for the Polish flora, were found in the Drawa River in the Drawieński National Park (north-western Poland). Patches of P. x sparganiifolius started about 400 m below the mouth of the left-bank tributary, the Korytnica River, and ended about 5.5 km further downstream. The population colonized mainly a sandy substrate with varied particle size, moderately deep water, and moderate water flow rate. The patches were very dense and composed nearly exclusively of P. x sparganiifolius. They occurred mainly in the main current of the Drawa, and were up to several dozen metres long. By contrast, P. x nericius was found only in a small creek with stagnant water, at the edge of a patch dominated by P. x sparganiifolius, on a substrate composed of mud and sand, at the depth of 40-60 cm.
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