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The variability of metacercariae of Diplostomum pseudospathaceum under the influence of host species was studied experimentally. Four fish groups - two of Cyprinus carpio and two of Poecilia reticulata - were infected with the cercariae of D. pseudospathaceum originating from two snail species Lymnaea stagnalis and Galba palustris. For analysis of variability 14 characters of 152 metacercariae were measured and 8 indices were calculated. The morphometric data of the four experimental groups were examined statistically using a two way analysis of variance. The metacercariae of the four examined groups show highly significant variation in almost all analyzed characters. For particular characters a highly significant fish and snail host influence on the variation was noted. The source of variation was analyzed and the variability of previously investigated D. paracaudum was compared.
A new fish digenean species, Neolebouria terranovaensis sp. n. (a second representative of this genus in the Antarctic), is described from notothenioids caught in Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea). New measurements and a figure of N. antarctica (Szidat et Graefe, 1967) are also given. N. terranovaensis sp. n. differs from the latter in smaller dimensions of a body and organs, smaller extent of the cirrus pouch which ends at the level of the ventral sucker and the main habitat, the pyloric caeca. In contrast, N. antarctica occurs along the whole intestine.
The morphology of Cercaria globocaudata U. Szidat, 1940, was reexamined using light and scanning electron microscopy. The armature, chaetotaxy and surface ultrastructure were investigated for the first time since the description of the cercaria in 1940. The results complete the primary description. The systematic position of this morphologically specialized furcocercaria showing mimicry to planktonic organisms is also discussed.
Syntypes of Macvicaria pennelli (Leiper et Atkinson, 1914) and Allocreadium fowleri Leiper et Atkinson, 1914 are re-examined and a new material from the Ross Sea is described. A. fowleri is considered identical with M.pennelli in the immature stage. Digeneans occurring in the Western Antarctic regarded by various authors as M. pennelli are considered as belonging to a separate species. The name M. georgiana (Kovaljova et Gaevskaya, 1974) comb. nov. is proposed for them. The species differ in sucker ratio and arrangement of vitelline follicles between the ventral sucker and gonads. M. pennelli occurs in the sub-continental zone of the Eastern Antarctic, while M. georgiana occurs in the Western Antarctic, at South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula. A key to five representatives of the genus Macvicaria reported from the Antarctic fishes is included.
Lecithaster macrocotyle Szidat et Graefe, 1967 is redescribed basing on specimens from various notothenioid fishes, including the type host, Parachaenichthys charcoti (Vaillant, 1906). Lecithaster micropsi sp. n. is described based on specimens from a gadiform fish, Muraenolepis microps 1905 and from some notothenioid fishes. The species differ from each other in shape of oral sucker, pharynx/oral sucker ratio, oral/ventral sucker ratio and arrangement of uterine loops. L. macrocotyle occurs at the South Shetland Islands and South Georgia, and in the Kerguelen subregion. L. micropsi sp. n. occurs at South Georgia and on the Falkland-Patagonian shelf. Both species are compared with other representatives of the genus Lecithaster occurring in the southern hemisphere.
Fish of five species of Notothenioidei (104 specimens), Cottoperca trigloides, Patagonotothen brevicauda, P. longipes, P. tessellata and Champsocephalus esox, caught in the Beagle Channel (Magellanic sub-region, sub-Antarctica) were infected with Digenea of nine species (1130 specimens). Faunistic data on the occurrence of all nine parasites are provided. The most abundant digenean species was Macvicaria magellanica found in the intestine of three host species of the genus Patagonotothen. The second most abundant digenean species was Elytrophalloides oatesi found in the stomach of four host species, with exception of P. brevicauda. Three digenean species: Stenakron kerguelense, Whitegonimus ozoufae and Genolinea bowersi, were more abundant in fish caught at the harbor of Ushuaia (depth 7–9 m), remaining six species: M. magellanica, Neolepidapedoides subantarcticus, Postmonorchis variabilis, Derogenes varicus, E. oatesi and Lecithaster macrocotyle, in the eastern mouth of the Beagle Channel (depth 30 m).
The presence of catecholamines in the nervous system of a plagiorchiid cercaria of Opisthioglyphe ranae (Frölich, 1791) is demonstrated using fluorescence methods (SPG method after De la Torre and Surgeon 1976, exciting filter of 400-410 nm max. wave length). Comparison of the distribution of catecholamines and acetylcholinesterases in the cercaria of the same species showed closely similar patterns. However, some differences in distribution were identified and these are discussed.
Lecithocladium moretonense sp. nov. is described from Monodactylus argenteus (type-host), Abudefduf sordidus, A. whitleyi, Herklotsichthys castelnaui, Lutjanus russelli, Platycephalus indicas, Rhabdosargus sarba, Siganus nebulosus and Scorpis lineolata from Moreton Bay, southern Queensland, and Acanthopagrus australis from off northern New South Wales. It differs from most Lecithocladium species in having a subglobular oral sucker and pharynx. Other distinguishing features are the thin-walled recurved seminal vesicle and the pars prostatica coiling over the seminal vesicle to the level of the anterior testis. Lecithocladium megalaspis Yamaguti, 1953 from Alepes apercna, Moreton Bay and L. angustiovum Yamaguti, 1953 from Scomber australasicus, Fremantle, Western Australia, are also reported, illustrated and measured.
The nervous system of daughter sporocyst of D. pseudospathaceum is described on a basis of acetylcholinesterase activity, histofluorescence of biogenic amines and serotonin immunoreactivity. Description of the posterior part of the nervous system is added to the hitherto described brain ganglia and irregular network of nerve fibres surrounding anterior end of the sporocyst. The immunoreactivity of 5-HT was observed in laterally situated main nerve cords, which run along the whole length of the body and unite at its posterior end. Some ramifications of the main cords were also visible. A possible role of messenger molecules observed in daughter sporocyst nervous system is discussed.
The ultrastructure of the proto- and paranephridial excretory systems in the metacercaria of D. pseudospathaceum is described. Basically, the protonephridial system in the metacercaria, although being more complex, does not differ in ultrastructure from that in the cercaria. All protonephridial canals have nuclei and septate desmosomes between neighbouring cells as well as desmosomes closing the canals. Contrary to the protonephridial system, the paranephridial one has a syncytial structure with few cell nuclei in the wall. No septate desmosomes were visible in cross- and longitudinal sections of the paranephridial canals and terminal pockets. The heterocellular gap junctions (nexus) between tegumental cytons and paranephridial canal walls have not previously been observed and described in diplostomid metacercaria. The possible function of these heterocellular gap junctions is discussed.
The chaetotaxy pattern of D. pseudospathaceum related to the structure of the nervous system (in the cephalic and preacetabular region) was described based upon LM and TEM investigations. The proper location of thirteen different ultrastructural types of sensory endings (SE) will be described by Czubaj and Niewiadomska (in press) were established. It was shown that the cercarial body, tail stem and furcae have a specific set of SE, and that several types of SE may be localized in different part of the cercaria. The location of particular sensory endings in the rings of the cephalic, pre- and postacetabular regions, tail stem and furcae was ascertained.
The quaternary structure of ten enzymes in hemiurid flukes of the genus Lecithochirium (Digenea, Hemiuridae) was inferred using allozyme electrophoresis. Allozyme variants with single-banded homozygotes and double-banded heterozygotes characteristic of monomeric enzymes were observed for aconitase, adenosine deaminase and phosphoglucomutase. The phenotypic variation (single-banded and triple-banded profiles) detected for glucose phosphate isomerase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase, suggest a dimeric structure for these enzymes. These results are consistent with structures already known for invertebrates, including parasitic helminths. Atypical heterozygote patterns were observed for fumarase and malic enzyme, both of which revealed monomeric profiles. Moreover, in the genus Lecithochirium, both monomeric and dimeric isozymes for hexokinase may be present. However, there are other possible explanations for the unusual triple-banded pattern detected for this enzyme. The results are discussed in the context of possible variations in subunit number of homologous enzymes within phylogenetically diverse groups such as parasitic helminths, and compared with those of previous studies using allozyme analysis.
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