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Suckling mice and immunosuppressed adult mice were used as model hosts to compare the endogenous development of two isolates of C. parvum obtained from naturally infected calves in different seasons of the year. There were no differences in these two isolates as to their location, time of appearance, intensity of infection and antigenicity. Present study indicates that Cryptosporidium infection may be easily established in 5-7 day old outbred Swiss mice. The peak of infection is shown on day 8 after inoculation and shortly after that a self-limiting process of infection takes place. However, C. parvum does not develop endogenously in adult immunosuppressed mice. The lack of establishment of infection in these animals, even in latent state, indicates that age dependent mechanisms of immunity, developed in mice, are not impaired by prednisolone or cyclophosphamide.There was no difference in biological characteristics of two isolates C. parvum. Moreover, the present study illustrates that oocysts, spread by naturally infected calves in autumn and winter, are infective for suckling mice, which might be associated in transmissibility of C. parvum.
This study was conducted in population of wild small mammals in northern Poland, District of Mazury Lake, Urwitałt, near Mikołajki. Samples were collected four times, from autumn 1989 until spring 1991. Twenty percent (66 of 330) of the examined mammals were positive for Cryptosporidium, i.e., 55 of 275 Clethrionomys glareolus, 6 of 39 Apodemus flavicollis, 5 of 16 Sorex araneus were naturally infected with Cryptosporidium. There was no infection of Cryptosporidium assessed in A. agrarius and S. minutus. Our histological data clearly indicate that the population of C. glareolus was infected with C. parvum. This population of rodents appears to have maintained an infection throughout two years. These findings indicate that C. glareolus and possibly other rodents have potential to act as a reservoir for C. parvum, a pathogen of man and ruminants.
The adaptation and immunogenisity of Cryptosporidium parvum isolated from Siberian chipmunks (SC1 strain) in immunocompetent (ICR) mice were examined. The oocysts were received to the severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice by repeated passage. The oocysts collected from the 18th SCID mice were inoculated to 5 ICR mice. The mice began to shed oocysts from 6 days after inoculation, the patency was 5 days, and the maximum oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) value was 104. The maximum of OPG value was gradually increased by successive passage, and finally that in the 22nd mice reached 106 (patency: 11 days). It is considered that these results indicate completion of their adaptation to ICR mice. To examine the immunogenicity of C. parvum to ICR mice, 8 groups of 5 mice each were inoculated with 1.3 × 106 oocysts of SC1 strain, which were collected after adaptation to SCID mice. All groups shed oocysts from 6th day, and their patency was from 8 to 12 days. On the 21st day after the primary infection, these mice were challenged with 1.3 × 106 oocysts. No oocysts shed from any groups, although 2 control groups shed oocysts from the 6th day, and their OPG values were more than 106. These results suggest that this strain has strong immunogenicity against ICR mice. Therefore, the immunological healthy mice were considered a useful experimental model to investigate immunological and drug treatments in the strain of C. parvum.
Cryptosporidium parvum is a zoonotic protozoan parasite occurring in a wide range of hosts. Invasions caused by this parasite have been reported in humans and in many animal species including birds. Despite its worldwide prevalence, infections have usually generated considerable losses in the livestock industry, mostly affecting calves, lambs and goat kids. It has previously been shown that ruminants are a major reservoir of zoonotic Cryptosporidium parvum and contact with an infected animal can lead to human infection. The application of molecular methods for parasitological diagnostics has increased our knowledge on the parasite hosts and its prevalence in humans and animals. They also confirmed their usefulness during epidemiological investigations and in surveillance studies of human and animal cryptosporidiosis. In this review the current state of knowledge concerning the importance of Cryptosporidium parvum invasions in farm and wild animals was presented.
The investigations were carried out on suckling piglets, naturally infected with Cryptosporidium parvum. Starting from the 3rd day, two experimental groups were given intragastrically Lactobacillus acidophilus culture (1 x 10⁸ cells) or Bifidobacterium sp. culture (1 x 10⁸ cells) per day. Cryptosporidium was present in the stomach, microvillus brush border of the jejunum, ileum and colon. These findings were associated with severe atrophy of the villi and mild lymphoid infiltration in the lamina propria. Haematological and biochemical tests in piglets showed significant differences including a reduced haemoglobin level, a decrease in the erythrocyte count, an increase in the haematocrit value, leukocyte count, total protein value and in alkaline phosphates and LDH activity. Bacterial flora was less abundant in piglets receiving Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium; no haemolytic E.coli rods were isolated. After daily administration of the bacteria, the diarrhoea was moderate, lasting up to 2 days, and the number of oocysts in faeces was significantly lower. This suggests that Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium sp. may help to control C. parvum infection in new-born piglets.
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