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Clutch overlap is a reproductive strategy of the Feral Pigeon, which results in an increase in the number of clutches produced by a pair and, as follows, an increase in the number of young raised. It is dependent on the length of time the clutch is cared for and the length of the interval between clutches. Both these component elements of clutch overlap are directly affected by environmental conditions, such as the length of day and ambient temperature. The duration of clutch care and the clutch interval were distinctly shorter in the warmer part of the year with a longer day than during the fall and winter. We believe that ambient temperature has a significant effect on the length of the clutch interval, as it is a decisive factor in the achievement of thermoregulation ability in the nestlings. Earlier achievement of this ability by nestlings in higher ambient temperatures (at Ta = 21.5°C, normothermy appeared in the 6th to 7th post-embryonic day in the life of nestlings, while at Ta = 19.5 °C – in 8–9 days) allows both parents to forage for longer periods of time and to start a new breeding cycle earlier. We confirmed that nesting conditions (the number of nests in a breeding pair's territory, brood size and location of the nest in the colony) also influenced the duration of clutch care and the length of clutch interval, and therefore, the degree of clutch overlap. The clutch interval was shorter when parents only cared for one young, than when two young were in the nest. Breeding pairs with large territories that included two nests had shorter clutch intervals than those pairs with only one nest. Young raised in nests located close to egresses left the colony more quickly than young in nests farther away
The report concerns a married couple who were repeatedly invaded by pigeon fleas (Ceratophyllus columbae) over a period of 2 months. The source of the fleas was a pair of breeding feral pigeons (Columba livia). The birds' nest was located in the attic immediately above the couple's apartment, and the fleas found their way along an unsealed heating pipe. The people encountered up to 40 bites per night. With invasions repeated almost every night, the man gradually developed an allergic urticarial reaction. The most traumatic experience for the couple, however, was to learn that they were invaded by fleas (initially, they had presumed they were bothered by mosquitoes). This information resulted in severe psychological distress with phobic reactions and insomnia. Despite the successful removal of the fleas and the pigeons that were source of the pest, parasitophobia of the man persisted over the following 4 months. This case is discussed from the broader aspect of health risks related to feral pigeons and animal fleas. Also summarised are previous observations on people invaded by pigeon fleas.
The aim of this study was to compare ecophysiological basis for developing feral pigeons (Columba livia f. urbana) in various environments of Northern Poland. We examined heavy metals contents, lipid and protein peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes activity in individuals growing and feeding in the different polluted regions. Pigeons from urban area possessed high maintenance of cadmium in the blood, but low lead in comparison to birds from rural area. Our results suggest that increased level of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) in the blood of pigeons from different regions of Northern Poland tended to affect negatively initiate lipid peroxidation and increased oxidative modified protein content. Our results suggest that increased level of oxidative stress in birds is dependent upon environmental pollution. Statistical analysis (ANOVA and GLM) has shown that colony localization (urban or rural areas) modified antioxidative defense system, level of lipid and protein peroxidation, and blood total antioxidant activity.
Research on the annual postfledging survival of young Feral Pigeons Columba livia was conducted in 1998-2001 in five breeding colonies located in the city centre of Słupsk (NW Poland, area 43 km²). Breeding pairs and their offspring were individually ringed. A total of 1016 clutches were studied, as was the fate of 809 fledglings. It was found that although fledglings were produced throughout the entire year, about 81-93% of young was leaving the nest in the period between April and September. The peak period of fledging occurred in May, August or June accordingly in successive study years. The dynamic of fledging in one year reflected the pairs’ egg laying activity occurring two months earlier. Juvenile mortality was highest during the first month after fledging and was found to be 45% of young birds. The main cause of death was hunger, as the young, inexperienced individuals were unable to compete successfully with adults for food at foraging areas. Loss of young clearly decreased with every successive month. The annual survival rate of juveniles produced in a calendar year was 30%. Almost all the juveniles surviving their first year of life joined the breeding population. Young produced in winter and spring had better survival rates than did those leaving the nest in summer, and especially, in autumn. The differences in survival rates found among the seasons of the year most likely resulted from changes in the pressure of competition for food in foraging areas.
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