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Eight new species of the Tribe Megapenthini Gurjeva, 1973 from China, Laos, and from the Philippines are described and illustrated: Cateanus kucerai sp. nov., Friedrichiellus luzonensis sp. nov., Gamepenthes kresli sp. nov., G. phoupanensis sp. nov., G. shinuishanensis sp. nov., G. turnai sp. nov., Megapenthes jintangensis sp. nov., Procraerus kresli sp. nov. A key to the species of the genus Gamepenthes Fleutiaux, 1928 from China, and one from Laos and Vietnam is provided, zoogeographical and taxonomical remarks as well as a discussion on the phylogenetic importance of some characters of the species and their ecobiotic life are given.
This study recorded and analyzed traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in the Turkestan Range in southwestern Kyrgyzstan, where ethnobotanical knowledge has been largely under-documented to date. Data was collected through participant observation and both semi-structured and in-depth interviews with 10 herbal specialists. A total of 50 medicinal plant taxa were documented, distributed among 46 genera and 27 botanical families. In folk medicine they are applied in 75 different formulations, which cure 63 human and three animal ailments. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices were calculated to analyze traditional knowledge of the informants and to determine the cultural importance of particular medicinal plants. Ziziphora pamiroalaica, Peganum harmala, and Inula orientalis obtained the highest use value (UV). The best-represented and culturally important families were Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, and Apiaceae. Gastro-intestinal system disorders was the most prevalent ailment category. Most medicinal plants were gathered from nearby environments, however, species with a higher cultural value occurred at distant rather than nearby collection sites. The findings of this study proved the gap in documentation of traditional knowledge in Kyrgyzstan, indicating that further studies on the traditional use of wild plant resources could bring important insights into ecosystems’ diversity with implications to human ecology and biocultural diversity conservation in Central Asia.
The paper contains some remarks on the genus Pseudaoria Jacoby, 1908, a key to determining of all known species and the description of a new species Pseudoaoria petri sp. nov. from Sichuan.
Two centuries ago, Asia delivered over 60 percent of world production; in the middle of the 20th century it was less than 20 percent. Currently, it is twice as large and this share is still increasing, above all but not only, because of China whose production is still growing at a rate twice as fast as the world average. China is trying to maintain high economic dynamics, inter alia, through investment external expansion. This aim is to be served, among others, by the infrastructure project, drawn up with enormous verve, known as the New Silk Road, which the Middle Kingdom addresses to 65 countries on three continents. While some hope for accelerating their own economic growth, others warn against the risk of becoming dependent on China. The article analyzes these challenges, pointing to the desired directions of irreversible evolution globalization by giving it a more inclusive character, which is also strongly emphasized by the Chinese authorities in their official enunciations.
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The locality of Potamogeton berchtoldii Fieber, the new species to the flora of Tajikistan (Middle Asia), together with its ecological conditions are presented. Additionally, the list of herbarium specimens of P. pusillus L. s. stricto gathered in Tajikistan and few specimens of P. berchtoldii collected from the area of adjacent countries are also provided. Taxonomical position of the species within the Potamogeton pusillus aggregation, the main morphological features of both taxa and possibility of finding other localities are discussed.
A new subspecies of the honey badger (Mellivora capensis bu.ech.neri ssp. n.) is described from the western part of Central Asia (Turkmenistan). By the relatively small palatal length it is similar to the subspecies M. c. iridica (Kerr, 1792) and M. c. inaurita {Hodgson, 1838) and differs from them by having larger size and narrower postorbital constriction.
The moldavian dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L., Lamiaceae) is an annual plant native in Central Asia and naturalized in Eastern and Central Europe where it is used in folk medicine as antiseptic and stimulating remedy. We carried out qualitative and quantitative phytochemical investigations on moldavian dragonhead herb and on its extracts (tincture and infusion). Plant samples were gathered in different stages of the ontogenesis from cultures in Hungary and Romania (Transylvania). In herb gathered during the reproductive stage of the ontogenesis we measured 0.83% (v/m) of essential oil, in which we identified by GC analysis five main components: geranyl acetate: 33.1%; geranial: 28.2%; neral: 19.8 %; geraniol: 8.2% and neryl acetate: 2.4%. In the essential oil distilled from tincture the geranyl acetate (58.2%) was the main component while in the volatile oil distilled from infusion, the major compound was geraniol (60.1%). A methanolic extract of the herb was investigated by HPLC. Following on-line analysis of spectra, five components were classified as flavonoids; rosmarinic acid was identified by addition of authentic standard. The amount of two phenol carboxylic acids (caffeic and rosmarinic acid) was measured by TLC-densitometry. High values of phenolic compounds were measured in samples gathered during the vegetative stage of the ontogenesis, such as: rosmarinic acid: 2.84 g%; caffeic acid: 50.3 mg%; total flavonoids: 0,58 g%; tannins: 12.9 g%.
The backward chewing stroke in multituberculates (unique for mammals) resulted in a more anterior insertion of the masticatory muscles than in any other mammal group, including rodents. Multituberculates differ from tritylodontids in details of the masticatory musculature, but share with them the backward masticatory power stroke and retractory horizontal components of the resultant force of all the masticatory muscles (protractory in Theria). The Taeniolabididae differ from the Eucosmodontidae in having a more powerful masticatory musculature, expressed by the higher zygomatic arch with relatively larger anterior and middle zygomaticridges and higher coronoid process. It is speculated that the bicuspid, or pointed upper incisors, and semi-procumbent, pointed lower ones, characteristic of nontaeniolabidoid multitliberculates were used for picking-up and killing insects or other prey. In relation to the backward power stroke the low position of the condylar process was advantageous for most multituberculates. In extreme cases (Sloanbaataridae and Taeniolabididae), the adaptation for crushing hard seeds, worked against the benefit of the low position of the condylar process and a high condylar process developed. Five new multituberculate autapomorphies are recognized: anterior and intermediate zygomatic ridges: glenoid fossa large, flat and sloping backwards (forwards in rodents), arranged anterolateral and standing out from the braincase; semicircular posterior margin of the dentary with condylar process forming at least a part of it; anterior position of the coronoid process; and anterior position of the masseteric fossa. The postorbital process in those multituberculates studied is situated on the parietal and the orbit is very large.
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