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It is the first report on Nematoda Contracaecum rudolphii in the great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo (Linneus, 1758) in Poland.
Background. Proteolytic enzymes may serve multiple functions: they may inhibit the host′s blood clotting, protect the parasite from the host ′s immune response, facilitate parasite′s migration within a tissue by decomposing the tissue barrier, enhance the hatching and moulting of larvae, and play an important role in their feeding. Learning their identity leads to a better understanding of a host-parasite system. The objective of this study was to check, using biochemical methods, if, in addition to proteases, ES products and extracts of 3rd and 4th larval stages of Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809) contain other hydrolases. Materials and Methods. Stage-3 larvae (L 3 ) of A.simplex were removed from Baltic herring, Clupea harengus membras Linnaeus, 1761 caught in the Baltic Sea. Stage-4 larvae (L 4) were obtained from an L 3 stage culture kept in Eagle ′s medium. The solutions containing ES products were collected and dialysed at 4°C against distilled water for 24 h. Larval extracts were obtained by homogenising the larvae in a physiological saline (0.9 % NaCl) solution in a glass homogeniser. The homogenate was centrifuged for 10 min at 3000 G. The supernatant was used in enzyme activity assays. Enzymatic activity of ES products and homogenates of L 3 and L 4 larvae of A. simplex was determined with the API ZYM test. Results. The excretion-secretion product of L 3 and L 4 larvae of A. simplex revealed activities of 10-and 11 hydrolases, respectively. Activity of esterase, esterase lipase, valine arylamidase, and N-acetyl-ß-glucosaminidase in the L 4 larvae extracts was higher than the activity of a corresponding enzyme assayed in the L 3 extracts. Only in the case of acid phosphatase, its activity in L 3 ES products was twice that of the activity found in ES products of L 4 larvae. Enzymes such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and ß-glucosidase were not detected in extracts from L 3 larvae. Conclusion. Activities of most hydrolases in the L 4 extracts were higher than the activities of corresponding enzymes assayed in the L 3 extracts. The high activity of these enzymes found in L 4 larval extracts could be related to a different feeding mechanism of stage-4 larvae.
Nematodes from the superfamily Ascaridoidea (families Anisakidae and Raphidascarididae) are worldwide distributed parasites. Their live cycles include many species of water invertebrates and teleostean fish as intermediate hosts, and fish, sea mammals or fish-eating birds being definitive hosts. Humans can be infected with some of these parasites after consumption of raw or wrongly processed fish. The parasitological investigations of fish (herring, cod and flatfish) from southern Baltic (ICES 24-26) provided in the years 80 and 90 showed their infection with larvae of several anisakid species: Anisakis simplex s. str., Contracaecum osculatum C and Hysterothylacium auctum. Sporadically Pseudoterranova decipiens and Raphidascaris acus were also found. Larvae of Anisakis simplex were noted mainly in herrings, C. osculatum primarily in cods and H. auctum in flounders. Additionally, preserved herrings (marinated, smoked) were also investigated and sporadically live larvae of A. simplex were found. The main etiological agent of human anisakidosis worldwide is A. simplex. Although the live cycle of this nematode cannot be completed in the Baltic Sea - this nematode is brought to the Baltic by infected herring migrating from the North Sea for spawning in coastal waters of the Southern Baltic - the prevalence and intensity of infection with larvae of this nematode species were the highest in fish investigated by us. The results obtained suggest the possibility of the human infection with A. simplex larvae in Poland.
The nematodes were collected from livers of Baltic cod caught off the Gulf of Gdańsk. This paper consists of a description of the third stage larvae of Contracaecum osculatum (Rud.). This nematode is also pathogenic for man and its occurrence on the Polish coast has epidemiological significance.
One specimen of III larval stage of Anisakis simplex was found in body cavity of female stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus caught in Southern Baltic, in Kołobrzeg. In stickleback from Baltic Sea A. simplex was noted for the first time. It usually occurre in many other species of fish.
n the present study 5 grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), 3 common seals (Phoca vitulina) and 1 ringed seal (Pusa hispida) bycaught or stranded on the Polish Baltic Sea coast in years 2000-2006 were investigated for the infestation of parasitic anisakid nematodes. 749 of anisakids were found. The most common were: Contracaecum osculatum (59.3%) and Pseudoterranova decipiens (31.0%). There were also small numbers of Anisakis simplex (0.8%). After performing RFLP three sibling species were found. C. osculatum was identified as C. osculatum C, P decipiens was identified as P. decipiens sensu stricto and A. simplex — A. simplex sensu stricto. Nematodes found in seals were mostly in L4 and adult life stage — both of them were equal with some minor variations among the specimens. Sex ratio was also equal, but there was slight excess of males in some cases. There was a minority of L3 larvae belonging to A. simplex species (0.8%).
The little known ascaridoid nematode Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) lophii (Wu, 1949) is redescribed and illustrated based on newly collected specimens from the five different marine fishes: Lophius litulon (Jordan) (Lophiiformes: Lophiidae), Lophiomus setigerus (Vahl) (Lophiiformes: Lophiidae), Antennarius hispidus (Bloch et Schneider) (Lophiiformes: Antennaridae), Zeus faber Linnaeus (Zeiformes: Zeidae) and Ostichthys japonicus (Cuvier) (Beryciformes: Holocentridae) from the East and South China Sea. This species differs from all congeners in the subgenus Ichthyascaris by the length of the ventricular appendix (0.52–0.98 mm long), the number and arrangement of caudal papillae (26–32 pairs of precloacal, 3–4 pairs of paracloacal and 8–11 pairs of postcloacal) and the length of the spicules (0.49–0.88 mm long, representing 3.08–4.70% of body length). In addition, nematodes collected from these five different fishes have been characterized using molecular methods by sequencing and analysing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA. No variation in size and nucleotide polymorphisms is detected within the target sequence among all samples analysed. These data contribute to facilitate an accurate diagnosis of this poorly known nematode. An identification key to the species of the subgenus Ichthyascaris is also provided.
Anisakidae larvae belonging to the genera Anisakis and Pseudoterranova, are the most responsible for zoonosis transmitted by fish products (anisakidosis). Acquired by the consumption of raw or undercooked marine fish or squid, the anisakid larvae may cause pathogenic diseases like gastric or intestinal anisakiasis and gastro-allergic disorders. In accordance with current EU legislation, the fresh fish products must be inspected visually in order to detect the possible presence of visible parasites. It is recognized that the visual method is not accurate enough to detect the larvae of parasites in food preparations containing raw or practically raw seafood and it clearly emerges that the official system of control needs to be able to utilise an most efficient analytical technique. In this work, the authors have drawn up and validated an analytical method, which involves artificial digestion and the use of a heated magnetic stirrer, based on the EU Regulation n. 2075/2005. The larvae isolated are then subjected to morphological identification at genus level by using optical microscope. The method, proved to be suitable for the detection of live and dead larvae of anisakidae in ready-to-eat foodstuffs containing raw fish or cephalopods and it is fast and accurate. The method showed high levels of sensitivity and specificity, and the suitability of its use in official food control was confirmed. Its use should be incorporated systematically into specific monitoring programs for the control of foodstuffs containing raw fish products.
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