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Red foxes can be infected with diverse range of parasite species that can be transmitted to humans and pet animals, and the differential diagnosis is essential for veterinary and zoonotic risk assessment. In the present study, faecal flotation and microscopy of parasite eggs was done on 31 foxes originating from two distant localities in Denmark, the city of Copenhagen in the north east part of the island Zealand and from the southern part of the peninsular Jutland. In total, eggs of Eucoleus boehmi were recovered from a surprisingly high number of foxes (n = 22 samples; 71%). The findings represent the first observations of E. boehmi in Denmark, which is likely an overlooked infection of the upper respiratory tract of red foxes, which can be also found in other canids. Several morphological features of the eggs of E. boehmi can be used to distinguish it from other the closely related trichuroid eggs. Detecting cardiopulmonary parasites by faecal examination can be indicative of the presence of cardiopulmonary parasites based on the more sensitive post mortem analysis.
Monitoring parasitic infections in the red fox is essential for obtaining baseline knowledge on the spread of diseases of veterinary and medical importance. In this study, screening for cardiopulmonary and intestinal helminths and sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) was done on 118 foxes originating from two distinct localities in Denmark, (Copenhagen) greater area and southern Jutland. Fifteen parasite species were recorded in 116 foxes (98.3%), nine parasitic species are of zoonotic potential. Parasite diversity was greater in foxes of Copenhagen in terms of overall parasite species richness and species richness of all helminth groups individually: trematodes; cestodes; and nematodes. Six parasite species were recovered from foxes of Copenhagen, but not from foxes of Southern Jutland: Echinochasmus perfoliatus; Echinostoma sp.; Pseudamphistomum truncatum; Dipylidium caninum; Angiostrongylus vasorum; and Sarcoptes scabiei, but Toxascaris leonina was only recorded in foxes of southern Jutland. A high prevalence and abundance of A. vasorum in foxes of Copenhagen was observed. The prevalence of four nematode species; Eucoleus (Capillaria) aerophilus, Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara canis, and Crenosoma vulpis, in foxes of both localities were comparable and ranging from 22.9% to 89%. The prevalence of Mesocestoides sp. was significantly higher in foxes of Copenhagen. Taenia spp. were detected using morphological and molecular analysis, which revealed the dominance of T. polyacantha in foxes of both localities. Infections with sarcoptic mange were evident only among foxes of Copenhagen (44.9%), which significantly affected the average weight of the infected animals. Further remarks on the zoonotic and veterinary implications of the parasites recovered are given.
The first clinical case of canine angiostrongylosis from Slovakia, previously infection-free country, is described. 18-month old male Bernese mountain dog living in south-eastern part of Slovakia showed poor health condition characterized by weight loss, irritating cough, dispnoe, intense salivation, vomiting and bilateral scleral bleeding. Two times even the acute physical collapse occurred. Blood analysis was provided and revealed increase of total protein, eosinophilia, monocytosis, and mild thrombocytopenia. Anaemia characterized by reduced number of erythrocytes and reduced levels of haemoglobin, packed cell volume and iron was also diagnosed. Larvoscopic Baermann technique revealed the presence of Angiostrongylus first stage larvae. Infected dog excreted larvae in high numbers — in 10 g of the faecal material more than 800 larvae were counted. DNA analysis using PCR confirmed the presence of Angiostrongylus vasorum species. The first clinical case of angiostrongylosis has evidenced that the new life-threatening parasitic disease of dogs has spread to the territory of Slovakia. A serious effort is therefore inevitable to increase the professional awareness and knowledge on diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
Angiostrongylus vasorum is a parasitic nematode causing severe clinical signs in infected dogs. In the past few years A. vasorum has been repeatedly described in both traditional endemic foci and previously free regions. Nonetheless, the infection is often neglected or unnoticed by vet practitioners, due to gaps of information on A. vasorum epidemiology, and to drawbacks inherent to the clinical and parasitological diagnosis. Indeed, subclinical infections may occur and, when present, clinical signs are difficult to differentiate from those of other canine cardio-pulmonary diseases. Additionally, the gold standard test for the aetiological diagnosis of the infection, i.e. the Baermann’s method, is not commonly performed by veterinarians. The present study describes cases of subclinical A. vasorum infection in a Jack Russell Terrier dog kennel in Italy and the ability of a newly marketed rapid kit (IDEXX Angio Detect™ Test) for the field diagnosis of angiostrongylosis, pre- and post-treatment with a formulation licensed for the treatment of A. vasorum.
Angiostrongylosis is a parasitosis of the cardio-pulmonary system of dogs and other canidae, such as foxes, caused by nematodes Angiostrongylus vasorum. The parasite is found in Europe, North and South America and Africa. Its distribution has been characterized by isolated endemic foci, with only sporadic occurrences outside the above areas, but in recent years the geographic range of Angiostrongylus vasorum has been expanding, leading to increased disease cases in dogs in new areas. The epidemiology of the parasite in eastern European countries is poorly known. So far little is known about its presence in Poland. Seroprevalence of angiostrongylosis in dogs from different parts of Poland in 2012 was 0.51%. This article is the first report describing a clinical case of canine angiostrongylosis directly diagnosed in Poland. The authors present a clinical case of infestation with Angiostrongylus vasorum in a 1.5-year-old female dog of the Dalmatian breed. Different clinical symptoms including coughing, emesis with blood, and occasional bleeding from the nostrils were observed. Its diagnosis was based on radiological and endoscopic examinations. Morphological and biochemical examinations of the blood were also performed. A definite diagnosis was made by parasitological investigation of stool samples. Treatment was successful, and all alarming symptoms subsided.
Angiostrongylus vasorum belongs to the superfamily of Metastrongyloidea. This nematode occurs in foxes, dogs and other predators. The Nematode A. vasorum place themselves in the pulmonary artery and its branches, and in the right ventricle and atrium of the heart. Numerous species of land snails are the intermediate hosts of the parasite. In 2013, lungs and hearts of 76 foxes shot in the Forest District Głęboki Bród in Augustowska Primeval Forest were parasitologically necropsied. Four of the examined foxes were infected with the nematode A. vasorum, a prevalence of 5.2%. In one fox pericardium there were 6 male and 6 female nematodes. In the remaining three foxes nematodes were localized in the pulmonary artery. In two foxes 2 specimens of nematodes were detected (male and female, and two females) while 1 female was detected in the other fox. This is the first report of the presence of the nematode A.vasorum in fox in Poland.
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Angiostrongyloza u psów w Polsce

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