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Two therapeutical garlic oil macerates (in olive oil and shark liver oil) were studied in order to establish the amounts of pollutants. A quantitative analysis of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) and nine organochlorine pesticides (lindan, HCB, DDT, DDE, DDD, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin) was carried out. The results of the experiments led to the conclusion that both oil macerates had low contents of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn and some amounts of organochlorine pesticides (lindan, HCB, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin).
The effects of different concentrations (10-5 M, 10-4 M. 10-3 M) of Cu2+ on growth, antioxidant enzyme activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were investigated in hydroponically grown Allium sativum L. The results indicated that the growth of garlic seedlings was not inhibited under treatment with 10-5 M Cu2+. Garlic seedlings exposed to 10-4 M and 10-3 M Cu2+ exhibited significant growth reduction. With increasing Cu2+ concentration and treatment time, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased in leaves and roots, and peroxidase (POD) activity increased in leaves. In roots of plants exposed to 10-4 M and 10-3 M Cu2+, POD activity increased within 9 d and then dropped, but was still higher than in the control at the end of the experiment. Catalase (CAT) activity increased in seedlings grown at 10-5 M and l0-4 M, whereas a highly toxic level of Cu2+ (10-3 M) markedly inhibited CAT activity. SOD and POD activity were higher in roots than in leaves, whereas CAT activity was higher in leaves than in roots under both control and Cu2+ treatments. There was no obvious effect on MDA content in the seedlings treated with 10-5 M Cu2+; at 10-4 M and 10-3 M Cu2+ it increased. The mechanisms of Cu2+ toxicity and Cu2+ tolerance in garlic are briefly discussed.
The production of virus free garlic plants from totally cvs. Jana, Mera and ecotype Zamojski was attempted by means of thermotherapy and meristem tip culture. The cloves and the aerial bulbils after hot air treatment in a growth chamber at 36°C for 30-35 days or at 26-28°C for 3-4 months in greenhouse were used to meristem tip culture on M. S. medium. In the 26-28°C treatment 19.5 % of meristems produced plants and 22.5 % of these were virus free. In the 36°C treatment 14.5 % of the meristems developed into plantlets and 34.6 % of them were virus free. The plantlets were indexed by "sap-dip" electron microscopy methods.
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